This section features tables on cultural employment compared to total employment per European country, the share of self-employed in cultural and total employment, and the share of women in selected fields of employment (cultural employment and high-tech industry/knowledge-intensive services). All tables are based on data from Eurostat.
Employment
Total cultural employment (2011-2017)
(In thousand)
| Country / Year | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria | 155.1 | 164.3 | 173.9 | 163.8 | 164.3 | 171 | 174.7 |
| Belgium | 169.4 | 182.6 | 169.9 | 183.8 | 181.5 | 179.4 | 197.8 |
| Bulgaria | 75.1 | 76.8 | 78.2 | 78.2 | 83.8 | 84.3 | 85.1 |
| Croatia | 58.1 | 57.6 | 52.3 | 59.3 | 53.7 | 48.7 | 57.5 |
| Cyprus | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.9 | 11.1 | 12.1 | 12.6 | 13.4 |
| Czechia | 176.9 | 184.2 | 191.4 | 191.2 | 187 | 210.2 | 204.3 |
| Denmark | 123.1 | 125.9 | 125 | 123.5 | 126.1 | 125.6 | 122 |
| Estonia | 30.5 | 35.5 | 34.7 | 28.9 | 33.7 | 34.2 | 35.9 |
| Finland | 128.9 | 124.8 | 118.9 | 118.5 | 123.3 | 116.8 | 115.5 |
| France | 884.8 | 863.2 | 894.9 | 884.6 | 848.5 | 889.1 | 939.4 |
| Germany | 1573.1 | 1689.5 | 1660 | 1642.2 | 1643.5 | 1656.5 | 1663.7 |
| Greece | 126.8 | 128.5 | 121.8 | 112.9 | 103.9 | 118.2 | 120.5 |
| Hungary | 139.9 | 143.1 | 151.2 | 149.9 | 155.5 | 157.1 | 147.1 |
| Ireland | 67 | 65.7 | 71.6 | 74.7 | 74.6 | 79.6 | 76.5 |
| Iceland | 9 | 9.1 | 10 | 10.1 | 11 | 11.9 | 11.2 |
| Italy | 783.1 | 812.7 | 784.3 | 781.3 | 785.6 | 765.8 | 825.5 |
| Latvia | 29.1 | 31.6 | 34.7 | 34.7 | 36.2 | 40.1 | 36 |
| Lithuania | 45.6 | 47.5 | 49.1 | 53.1 | 53.3 | 48.9 | 49.8 |
| Luxembourg | 11.8 | 12.6 | 12.4 | 14.7 | 12.9 | 13.2 | 12.4 |
| FYROM | 24.9 | 26.1 | 23 | 22 | 21.1 | 22.9 | 23.9 |
| Malta | 6.5 | 6.7 | 7.4 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9.9 |
| Montenegro | 7.9 | 7.2 | 9.3 | 8.9 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 8.2 |
| Netherlands | 366.1 | 376.1 | 386.1 | 381.2 | 382.6 | 378.3 | 390.2 |
| Norway | 113.1 | 119.3 | 113.9 | 105.5 | 102.5 | 102.5 | 102.2 |
| Poland | 493.1 | 497.6 | 492.6 | 508.2 | 530.5 | 544.4 | 569.2 |
| Portugal | 133.7 | 128.8 | 127.6 | 135.8 | 142.2 | 139.4 | 145.6 |
| Romania | 117.2 | 131.9 | 116.3 | 130.5 | 126.1 | 133.7 | 141.1 |
| Spain | 563.3 | 551.5 | 552.5 | 583.4 | 607.3 | 634.2 | 671.6 |
| Sweden | 219.6 | 223 | 225 | 224.5 | 229.6 | 243.1 | 242.5 |
| Switzerland | 207.2 | 212.8 | 210.9 | 210.1 | 224.5 | 221 | 220 |
| Slovenia | 40.6 | 42.8 | 44.9 | 42.8 | 41.6 | 42.3 | 45.4 |
| Slovakia | 60.4 | 59.4 | 52.3 | 62 | 60.9 | 62.1 | 72.6 |
| Turkey | 522.2 | 517.5 | 566 | 591.2 | 591.7 | 607.2 | 644.7 |
| United Kingdom | 1261.2 | 1338 | 1354.6 | 1381.1 | 1448.1 | 1467.3 | 1491.9 |
Source:
Eurostat database (cult_emp_sex) 2018.
Cultural employment as share of total employment (2011-2017)
(In %)
| Country/Year | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Austria | 3.8 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.1 |
| Belgium | 3.8 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 4.3 |
| Bulgaria | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.7 |
| Croatia | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 3.4 | 3.1 | 3.5 |
| Cyprus | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.5 |
| Czechia | 3.6 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 3.9 |
| Denmark | 4.6 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 4.3 |
| Estonia | 5.1 | 5.8 | 5.6 | 4.6 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.5 |
| Finland | 5.2 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 4.8 | 4.7 |
| France | 3.4 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.5 |
| Germany | 4.1 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 4.0 |
| Greece | 3.1 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 3.2 |
| Hungary | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.3 |
| Ireland | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.5 |
| Iceland | 5.4 | 5.4 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 5.8 |
| Italy | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.6 |
| Latvia | 3.4 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 4.0 |
| Lithuania | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 3.6 | 3.7 |
| Luxembourg | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.2 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 4.6 |
| FYROM | 3.9 | 4.0 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.2 |
| Malta | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.7 |
| Montenegro | 4.1 | 3.6 | 4.6 | 4.1 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.6 |
| Netherlands | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.5 |
| Norway | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 |
| Poland | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 3.5 |
| Portugal | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 3.1 |
| Romania | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.6 |
| Spain | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.6 |
| Sweden | 4.7 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 4.8 |
| Switzerland | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.7 |
| Slovenia | 4.3 | 4.6 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.7 |
| Slovakia | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.9 |
| Turkey | 2.2 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.3 |
| United Kingdom | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.7 |
Source:
Eurostat database (cult_emp_sex) 2018.
Share of self-employed in cultural and total employment (2005, 2009, 2017)
| Country | Share of cultural workers in total employment | Share of self-employed in cultural employment | Share of self-employed in total employment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Austria | 4.10% | 44.00% | 11.00% |
| Belgium | 4.30% | 29.00% | 14.00% |
| Bulgaria | 2.70% | 33.00% | 11.00% |
| Croatia | 3.50% | 15.00% | 11.00% |
| Cyprus | 3.50% | 31.00% | 12.00% |
| Czech Republic | 3.90% | 52.00% | 17.00% |
| Denmark | 4.30% | 29.00% | 8.00% |
| Estonia | 5.50% | 26.00% | 10.00% |
| Finland | 4.70% | 48.00% | 13.00% |
| France | 3.50% | 39.00% | 11.00% |
| Germany | 4.00% | 52.00% | 10.00% |
| Greece | 3.20% | 22.00% | 30.00% |
| Hungary | 3.30% | 32.00% | 10.00% |
| Iceland | 5.80% | 25.00% | 12.00% |
| Ireland | 3.50% | 56.00% | 15.00% |
| Italy | 3.60% | 63.00% | 22.00% |
| Latvia | 4.00% | 51.00% | 12.00% |
| Lithuania | 3.70% | N/A | 11.00% |
| Luxembourg | 4.60% | 19.00% | 9.00% |
| Malta | 4.70% | 50.00% | 15.00% |
| The Netherlands | 4.50% | 64.00% | 16.00% |
| North Macedonia | 3.20% | N/A | 17.00% |
| Norway | 3.90% | 38.00% | 6.00% |
| Poland | 3.50% | 33.00% | 18.00% |
| Portugal | 3.10% | 46.00% | 17.00% |
| Romania | 1.60% | 23.00% | 18.00% |
| Slovakia | 2.90% | 48.00% | 15.00% |
| Slovenia | 4.70% | 39.00% | 12.00% |
| Spain | 3.60% | 39.00% | 16.00% |
| Sweden | 4.80% | 34.00% | 10.00% |
| Switzerland | 4.70% | 33.00% | 13.00% |
| United Kingdom | 4.70% | 60.00% | 15.00% |
| Country | Share of cultural workers in total employment | Share of self-employed in cultural employment | Share of self-employed in total employment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Austria | 4.10% | 44.00% | 11.00% |
| Belgium | 4.30% | 29.00% | 14.00% |
| Bulgaria | 2.70% | 33.00% | 11.00% |
| Croatia | 3.50% | 15.00% | 11.00% |
| Cyprus | 3.50% | 31.00% | 12.00% |
| Czech Republic | 3.90% | 52.00% | 17.00% |
| Denmark | 4.30% | 29.00% | 8.00% |
| Estonia | 5.50% | 26.00% | 10.00% |
| Finland | 4.70% | 48.00% | 13.00% |
| France | 3.50% | 39.00% | 11.00% |
| Germany | 4.00% | 52.00% | 10.00% |
| Greece | 3.20% | 22.00% | 30.00% |
| Hungary | 3.30% | 32.00% | 10.00% |
| Iceland | 5.80% | 25.00% | 12.00% |
| Ireland | 3.50% | 56.00% | 15.00% |
| Italy | 3.60% | 63.00% | 22.00% |
| Latvia | 4.00% | 51.00% | 12.00% |
| Lithuania | 3.70% | N/A | 11.00% |
| Luxembourg | 4.60% | 19.00% | 9.00% |
| Malta | 4.70% | 50.00% | 15.00% |
| The Netherlands | 4.50% | 64.00% | 16.00% |
| North Macedonia | 3.20% | N/A | 17.00% |
| Norway | 3.90% | 38.00% | 6.00% |
| Poland | 3.50% | 33.00% | 18.00% |
| Portugal | 3.10% | 46.00% | 17.00% |
| Romania | 1.60% | 23.00% | 18.00% |
| Slovakia | 2.90% | 48.00% | 15.00% |
| Slovenia | 4.70% | 39.00% | 12.00% |
| Spain | 3.60% | 39.00% | 16.00% |
| Sweden | 4.80% | 34.00% | 10.00% |
| Switzerland | 4.70% | 33.00% | 13.00% |
| United Kingdom | 4.70% | 60.00% | 15.00% |
| Country | Share of cultural workers in total employment | Share of self-empoyed in cultural employment | Share of self-empoyed in total employment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Albania | - | - | - |
| Armenia | - | - | - |
| Austria | 2.40% | 29.80% | 9.20% |
| Azerbaijan | - | - | - |
| Belgium | 2.10% | 26.60% | 13.90% |
| Bulgaria | 1.80% | 12.20% | 9.80% |
| Canada | - | - | - |
| Croatia | 2.00% | 25.00% | 12.60% |
| Denmark | 3.00% | 16.50% | 7.80% |
| Estonia | 3.20% | 7.00% | 6.30% |
| Finland | 3.30% | 20.00% | 9.70% |
| France | 2.00% | 20.10% | 9.00% |
| Georgia | - | - | - |
| Germany | 2.80% | 32.70% | 11.40% |
| Greece | 2.10% | 35.00% | 28.90% |
| Holy See | - | - | - |
| Hungary | 2.10% | 23.20% | 13.10% |
| Ireland | 2.50% | 27.80% | 13.50% |
| Italy | 2.10% | 53.40% | 26.20% |
| Latvia | 2.70% | 12.90% | 6.70% |
| Liechtenstein | - | - | - |
| Lithuania | 2.50% | 3.50% | 6.40% |
| FYR of Macedonia | - | - | - |
| Malta | 2.30% | 10.70% | 13.00% |
| Moldova | - | - | - |
| Monaco | - | - | - |
| Netherlands | 3.80% | 35.10% | 10.90% |
| Norway | 2.20% | 23.50% | 5.90% |
| Poland | 1.70% | 19.10% | 12.20% |
| Portugal | 1.40% | 22.30% | 18.00% |
| Romania | 1.10% | 7.80% | 7.30% |
| Russia | - | - | - |
| San Marino | - | - | - |
| Serbia | - | - | - |
| Slovakia | 1.80% | 24.20% | 12.90% |
| Slovenia | 2.30% | 7.40% | 8.00% |
| Spain | 2.10% | 21.70% | 16.60% |
| Sweden | 3.50% | 27.10% | 9.60% |
| Switzerland | 2.70% | 25.90% | 12.30% |
| Ukraine | - | - | - |
| United Kingdom | 3.10% | 29.70% | 12.50% |
Source:
Eurostat Pocketbook: Cultural Statistics, 2007.
Share of women in selected fields of employment (2005, 2009, 2017)
| Country | Cultural employment | High-tech industry & Knowledge-intensive services |
|---|---|---|
| Austria | 44.53% | 47.14% |
| Belgium | 45.20% | 46.21% |
| Bulgaria | 55.23% | 46.60% |
| Croatia | 45.04% | 45.78% |
| Cyprus | 47.76% | 47.96% |
| Czech Republic | 49.19% | 44.17% |
| Denmark | 50.08% | 47.20% |
| Estonia | 63.23% | 48.71% |
| Finland | 51.00% | 48.16% |
| France | 46.32% | 48.11% |
| Germany | 47.30% | 46.56% |
| Greece | 43.57% | 41.90% |
| Hungary | 50.78% | 45.33% |
| Iceland | 50.00% | 46.47% |
| Ireland | 46.41% | 46.03% |
| Italy | 43.85% | 42.09% |
| Latvia | 64.44% | 50.73% |
| Lithuania | 61.85% | 51.34% |
| Luxembourg | 53.23% | 46.32% |
| Malta | 38.38% | 39.96% |
| The Netherlands | 44.59% | 46.41% |
| North Macedonia | 50.21% | 39.21% |
| Norway | 49.32% | 47.36% |
| Poland | 53.07% | 44.81% |
| Portugal | 43.89% | 48.87% |
| Romania | 51.52% | 43.56% |
| Slovakia | 49.17% | 45.27% |
| Slovenia | 48.68% | 46.27% |
| Spain | 42.47% | 45.47% |
| Sweden | 50.97% | 47.65% |
| Switzerland | 48.73% | 46.45% |
| United Kingdom | 42.63% | 47.01% |
| Country | cultural employment | High tech services | Knowledge intensive services |
|---|---|---|---|
| Austria | 45% | 30.1% | 57.5% |
| Belgium | 44% | 28.5% | 59.0% |
| Bulgaria | 52% | 42.9% | 58.6% |
| Croatia | 45% | 35.9% | 60.5% |
| Cyprus | 43% | 31.7% | 54.8% |
| Czech Republic | 47% | 28.3% | 59.5% |
| Denmark | 51% | 28.5% | 62.0% |
| Estonia | 58% | 43.4% | 68.9% |
| Finland | 58% | 37.2% | 66.4% |
| France | 43% | 31.6% | 60.6% |
| Germany | 46% | 31.2% | 59.0% |
| Greece | 39% | 30.0% | 49.7% |
| Hungary | 47% | 32.1% | 61.9% |
| Iceland | 39% | 30.3% | 61.6% |
| Ireland | 45% | 30.3% | 59.9% |
| Italy | 44% | 31.7% | 52.5% |
| Latvia | 68% | 29.2% | 64.9% |
| Lithuania | 64% | 40.7% | 69.4% |
| Luxembourg | 30% | 29.0% | 47.8% |
| Malta | - | - | 45.7% |
| The Netherlands | 48% | 23.6% | 58.0% |
| Norway | 48% | 29.0% | 62.1% |
| Poland | 53% | 33.1% | 62.9% |
| Portugal | 51% | 32.6% | 59.6% |
| Romania | 48% | 36.7% | 56.5% |
| Slovakia | 54% | 28.2% | 62.5% |
| Slovenia | 51% | 29.8% | 60.3% |
| Spain | 42% | 34.6% | 53.7% |
| Sweden | 45% | 30.4% | 62.9% |
| United Kingdom | 45% | 28.3% | 59.5% |
Sources:
Cultural employment data: Eurostat Pocketbook: Cultural Statistics, 2011.
High Tech and Knowledge Intensive Services data for 2009: EUROSTAT, database on Science and Technology.
Notes:
High Tech Services include post and telecommunications; computer and related activities; research and development (EUROSTAT NACE codes 64, 72, 73).
Knowledge Intensive Services (KIS) include water transport; air transport; post and telecommunications; financial intermediation; real estate, renting and business activities; education; health and social work; recreational, cultural and sporting activities (EUROSTAT NACE codes 61, 62, 64 to 67, 70 to 74, 80, 85 and 92).
| Country | cultural employment | High tech services | Knowledge intensive services |
|---|---|---|---|
| Austria | 46% | 29.8% | 59.3% |
| Belgium | 40% | 28.6% | 58.9% |
| Bulgaria | 50% | 52.2% | 64.4% |
| Croatia | 54% | 33.1% | 61.2% |
| Cyprus | 44% | 39.2% | 59.1% |
| Czech Republic | 46% | 46.3% | 64.4% |
| Denmark | 45% | 35.2% | 62.6% |
| Estonia | 66% | 46.8% | 68.0% |
| Finland | 53% | 36.8% | 65.8% |
| France | 47% | 38.2% | 61.1% |
| Germany | 44% | 32.9% | 60.8% |
| Greece | 42% | 30.1% | 52.5% |
| Hungary | 54% | 40.3% | 64.8% |
| Iceland | 49% | 39.6% | 64.2% |
| Ireland | 50% | 30.5% | 61.3% |
| Italy | 40% | 32.2% | 55.7% |
| Latvia | 63% | 58.3% | 69.6% |
| Lithuania | 65% | 53.8% | 69.9% |
| Luxembourg | 38% | 28.8% | 52.7% |
| Malta | 32% | - | 46.4% |
| The Netherlands | 43% | 24.7% | 58.5% |
| Norway | 45% | 33.8% | 62.9% |
| Poland | 57% | 40.9% | 65.4% |
| Portugal | 42% | 36.5% | 63.7% |
| Romania | 54% | 48.4% | 63.7% |
| Slovakia | 44% | 44.8% | 65.3% |
| Slovenia | 54% | 32.1% | 63.9% |
| Spain | 44% | 32.6% | 56.4% |
| Sweden | 47% | 32.4% | 63.0% |
| United Kingdom | 48% | 24.6% | 59.8% |
Sources:
Cultural employment data: EUROSTAT, EU Labour force survey 2005.
High Tech and Knowledge Intensive Services data for 2005: EUROSTAT, database on Science and Technology.
Notes:
High Tech Services include post and telecommunications; computer and related activities; research and development (EUROSTAT NACE codes 64, 72, 73).
Knowledge Intensive Services (KIS) include water transport; air transport; post and telecommunications; financial intermediation; real estate, renting and business activities; education; health and social work; recreational, cultural and sporting activities (EUROSTAT NACE codes 61, 62, 64 to 67, 70 to 74, 80, 85 and 92).