The Compendium offers different tables on diversity and cultural policy in European countries. These tables show which measures are in place to support specific emancipation goals, but also how diversity and intercultural dialogue are handled in general.
Diversity
Cultural policies for gender equality
For more information, see individual Compendium country profiles chapter 2.5.5 Gender and an information document prepared 2017 by the CoE Gender Equality Unit: “Gender Mainstreaming Activities at the Council of Europe”.
Legend:
| √ = Yes | GE = Gender equality |
| x = No | ( ) = Older studies/measures |
| MC = Ministry in charge of culture |
| Country | Studies/data on women working in the cultural sector | Public measures* promoting women for | Government body/WG addressing equality in the cultural sector | Notes / Highlights (based mostly on the texts of the Compendium authors) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albania | x | x | x | |
| Armenia | x | √ | √ | New gender policy of MC (2011) |
| Austria | √ | √ | √ | 'Gender-budgeting' data in nat. Arts Report |
| Azerbaijan | √ | (√) | √ | Culture is "traditionally a female sphere" |
| Belgium (FL) | x | (√) | x | Only a maximum of two thirds of the members of advisory bodies can be of the same sex (all three Communities) |
| Belgium (FR) | x | √ | x | Only a maximum of two thirds of the members of advisory bodies can be of the same sex (all three Communities) |
| Belgium (GE) | x | √ | x | Only a maximum of two thirds of the members of advisory bodies can be of the same sex (all three Communities) |
| Bulgaria | x | x | x | GE mainly an issue of NGOs |
| Canada | (√) | √ | √ | |
| Croatia | √ | √ | x | Focus on women film directors |
| Cyprus | √ | √ | x | Cyprus GE Observatory (2003) |
| Czech Republic | √ | √ | x | GE important issue especially for NGOs |
| Denmark | √ | √ | √ | MC contributes to GE projects |
| Estonia | x | √ | x | Most civil servants in the MC are women |
| Finland | √ | √ | √ | Equality Act obliges public agencies and private enterprises to present equality plans |
| France | √ | √ | √ | MC observatory on GE in arts & media 2013 |
| Georgia | x | x | x | |
| Germany | √ | √ | √ | Länder MC support artistic GE programmes |
| Greece | x | √ | x | No evidence of GE "mainstreaming" effects |
| Holy See | √ | x | x | "Feminine values" important in the Church |
| Hungary | x | x | x | |
| Ireland | x | √ | x | 40% quota of each gender on state boards |
| Italy | √ | √ | x | RAI to monitor female representation in TV |
| Latvia | x | √ | x | EU: Highest rate of women employed in arts |
| Liechtenstein | x | √ | √ | "Traditional gender roles remain strong" |
| Lithuania | √ | x | x | W. direct main Lithuanian arts institutions |
| FYR of Macedonia | √ | √ | x | Report on gender equality in MC (2012) |
| Malta | x | x | x | Dance and literature: Strong presence of W. |
| Moldova | √ | √ | x | GE mainly an issue of NGOs |
| Monaco | x | x | x | "Coeducation is applied in… art academies" |
| Netherlands | √ | √ | √ | Share of W. in top functions is "high" (35%) |
| Norway | √ | √ | x | 33% of leaders in the culture sector are W. |
| Poland | √ | x | √** | High degree of feminisation in public sector |
| Portugal | x | √ | √ | GE working group of MC bodies |
| Romania | x | √ | x | Lower level posts are generally "feminised" |
| Russia | √ | x | x | Decision-makers principally male (ca. 80%) |
| San Marino | √ | √ | x | Focus: Combat violence against women |
| Serbia | √ | x | x | 30% of managerial posts are held by W., but they are first dismissed in times of crisis |
| Slovakia | (√) | (√) | x | |
| Slovenia | √ | x | √ | "City of Women" (International arts festival) |
| Spain | √ | √ | √ | Institute for Women (2011) and other bodies promoting GE in the arts and culture |
| Sweden | √ | √ | √ | 'Gender mainstreaming' is the main strategy |
| Switzerland | (√) | √ | x | Current GE issues without cultural focus |
| Ukraine | x | x | x | Jobs in the public sector not very attractive and often feminised, but the emerging cultural industries market dominated by men |
| United Kingdom | √ | √ | √ | Efforts to increase the diversity of boards |
Notes:
| * | Of relevance for the arts, heritage and/or media. |
| ** | There is a post of government plenipotentiary for equal legal status, however the responsibilities of the plenipotentiary are not restricted to the culture sector only. |
Sources:
Compendium of Cultural Policies & Trends in Europe, 20th edition, 2018.
Intercultural dialogue: actors in European states
Legend:
| Ministries: | CU = Culture | JUS = Justice |
| ED = Education | LA-SOC = Labour & Social Affairs | |
| FOR = Foreign Affairs | MIN = Minorities | |
| HEA = Health | OTH = Other Ministries, e.g. for Population issues, European affairs | |
| HR = Human Rights | SPO = Sport | |
| IM = Immigration | YOU = Youth | |
| INT = Interior SPO = Sport | ||
| Other bodies: | AGEN = (Public) Agencies | GOV = Government together (different Ministries) |
| ART = Arts institutions | PRM = Offices of the Prime Minister or President | |
| COM = Special Commissions or Boards | REG = Regional authorities/states |
Connected responsibilities are marked by hyphon (ED-CU), different bodies separated by / (ED/CU).
| General | Sector Specific | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Main ICD competency | General legal / political documents | Culture | Education | Youth | Sport |
| Austria | INT / PRM / CU-ED / JUS | n.a. | CU-ED / REG | CU-ED / REG | OTH-YOU | OTH-SPO |
| Azerbaijan | ED/CU/SPO-YOU | + | CU | ED | SPO-YOU | SPO-YOU |
| Belgium | REG/AGEN | n.a. | REG | REG | REG | REG |
| Bulgaria | PRM | ++ | CU | EDU | AGEN | AGEN |
| Croatia | GOV | + | CU | ED | ED | ED |
| Cyprus | LA-SOC | + | CU-ED | CU-ED | AGEN | NGO |
| Czech Republic | LA-SOC / HR-MIN | + | CU | ED-YOU-SPO | ED-YOU-SPO | ED-YOU-SPO |
| Denmark | IM-INT | + | CU | ED | IM-INT | CU |
| Estonia | OTH | + | CU | ED | ED | CU |
| Finland | GOV (INT) | + | ED | ED | ED | ED |
| France | n.a. | - | CU | ED | YOU-SPO | YOU-SPO |
| Germany | INT/PRM | + | REG/PRM | REG/ED | YOU/REG | INT/NGO |
| Greece | INT | n.a. | CU | ED | ED | CU |
| Hungary | PRM | - | CU-ED | ED-CU | LA-SOC | OTH |
| Iceland | JUS/AGEN | + | ED-CU | ED-CU | AGEN | AGEN |
| Ireland | JUS/PRM | n.a. | CU-SPO | ED | ED | CU-SPO |
| Italy | INT/SOC | + | CU | ED | YOU-SPO | YOU-SPO |
| Latvia | JUS | + | CU | ED | OTH | ED |
| Liechtenstein | GOV | + | GOV | GOV | GOV | GOV |
| Lithuania | MIN | + | CU | ED | LA-SOC | SPO |
| Luxembourg | COM/NGO | + | CU | ED | FAM-INT | ED |
| FYR of Macedonia | GOV/LA-SOC | ++ | CU | ED | AGEN | AGEN |
| Malta | n.a. | - | CU | ED | ED | ED |
| Netherlands | PRM | + | CU-ED | CU-ED | YOU | HEA-SPO |
| Norway | LA-SOC/CU | ++ | CU/COM | ED | YOU | CU |
| Poland | INT | + | CU | ED | ED/CU | SPO |
| Portugal | PRM-AGEN | + | CU | ED-AGEN | PRM-YOU | PRM-YOU |
| Romania | OTH | n.a. | CU | ED-YOU | ED-YOU | n.a. |
| Slovakia | OTH | + | CU | ED | ED | ED |
| Slovenia | MIN | + | CU | ED-SPO | ED-SPO | ED-SPO |
| Spain | CU/REG | + | CU/NGO/REG | ED/REG | AGEN/ REG | AGEN |
| Sweden | OTH | ++ | CU-AGEN | ED | OTH/COM | CU/NGO |
| Switzerland | - | + | CU-AGEN | REG | AGEN | AGEN |
| Turkey | PRM/COM | n.a. | CU | ED | PRM | PRM |
| Ukraine | GOV | + | CU/ED | ED | YOU | YOU |
| United Kingdom | GOV | n.a. | CU/REG | FAM | AGEN | CU-SPO |
Source:
Compendium of Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe, 20th edition, 2018.
Intercultural education: organisation and main goals
Legend for column 2:
| ARTS – introducing artistic experiences from other parts of the world | MIN – learning about the contribution of minorities living in one’s own country |
| DIV – learning about other world cultures / cultural diversity | REL – learning about world or minority religions |
| LING – multilingual / minority language education | OTH – other goals (which?) |
| COUNTRIES | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS | Higher Education | ||||
| ICE Part of general curriculum? | Main goals of ICE activities | Comments / Examples | Special pro-grammes or ICE experiences? | Comments / Examples | |
| Albania | NO | _ | Except for Roma Programme (integration) | NO | "Totally unknown concept in Albanian academic institutions" |
| Armenia | NO | _ | Exception: Schools of nat. minorities | PARTLY (since 2007 at Yerevan State University) | "Linguistics and Intercultural Relations" Dept. |
| Austria | YES (Competence divided between Federation/Bund and States/Länder) | DIV, LING, MIN | e.g. via the Action "Interculturality and Multilingualism – a Chance!" | YES (workshops on interculturality and multilingualism for teachers, etc.) | cf. www.projekte-interkulturell.at/ |
| Azerbaijan | YES | ARTS, DIV, MIN, REL | Also at music, art & painting schools | YES | _ |
| Belgium | YES (Flemish Community) | ARTS, DIV, MIN, REL | Different school levels and subjects | PARTLY | e.g. at "College of Europe" (Bruges) |
| Bulgaria | YES | ARTS, DIV, MIN, REL | Different school levels and subjects | YES (e.g. annual seminars to train teaching staff) | With focus on Roma history and culture |
| Canada | YES (provincial responsibility) | DIV, ARTS | Focus: Aboriginal and multiethnic groups and citizens | YES | Teachers' courses and guides for all educational levels |
| Croatia | YES (especially in East Slavonija and Krajina region) | ARTS, DIV, MIN | Nat. curriculum for "democratic society and human rights" includes ICE | YES | Special educational programmes for teachers of the Agency for Education (AZOO) |
| Czech Republic | YES | LING, MIN, ARTS | ICE part of all strategic materials of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports | PARTLY (courses and seminars of the "Varianty" programme) | For students & primary/secondary school teachers |
| Denmark | YES (with special rules in Faeroe Islands, Greenland) | DIV, MIN | Focus on adult learning / | N/A | Focus on internat. cultural relations (e.g. bilateral scholarships) |
| Estonia | PARTLY (part of the civic education course from 4th grade upwards) | LING, MIN, ARTS | Focus on language education and integration; role of Russian still debated | N/A | _ |
| Finland | PARTLY (in the broader context of "internationalisation" and tolerance education) | LING, DIV, MIN, ARTS | Campaigns against ethnic discrimination in most educational institutions / Internat. youth contacts | YES (multicultural teachers' training) | University education is "international" (content, internat. contacts); issue of the role of Swedish language |
| France | PARTLY (integrated in different curricula) | DIV, LING, ARTS | Growing interest in the context of the 2005 UNESCO Convention | YES (at different universities) | Research efforts (e.g. "Cultures, villes et dynamiques sociales") |
| Georgia | YES (in principle, Law on Secondary Education, 2005) | ARTS, LING, MIN, REL | National goals for education (2004) | N/A | _ |
| Germany | PARTLY (broader context of civic education; Länder responsibility) | DIV, LING, REL | Issues around Islam faith education start to be settled in some of the Länder (2012) | YES (e.g. teachers' training; further education workshops) | Recommendations of ICE Round Table of German Arts Council (all education levels) |
| (ARTS in art or music schools) | |||||
| Greece | PARTLY (mainly under responsibility of local government) | LING, MIN, REL (Muslim minority of Thrace) | Focus on integration/ social inclusion of children of migrant families | YES (teachers' training) | Concrete action regarding e.g. ethnic traditions not yet consolidated |
| Hungary | PARTLY (in the broader context of civic education) | DIV, LING, REL | Focus: "National values"; Roma integration | PARTLY | e.g. at Central European University |
| Ireland | PARTLY (focus on "participative citizenship", combating racism) | DIV, MIN, OTH | e.g. with regard to "Traveller education" and recent immigration | YES | Irish Nat. Teachers Organisation (INTO) published Intercultural Guidelines |
| Italy | YES (Ministry of Education guidelines 1994 and 2007, but inconsistent implementation) | DIV, ARTS, OTH | "Intercultural inter-action" (interpersonal relations, anti- discrimination, ICE in all disciplines, skills) | PARTLY (e.g. the "Migropolis" project at Università IUAV di Venezia) | Note: Resources (e.g. "learning facilitators", "tutors" and mediators) cut down due to financial constraints |
| Latvia | NO | _ | Major debate on bilingual education in Russian schools | PARTLY | "Intercult. Relations" at Latvian Academy of Culture |
| Liechtenstein | PARTLY (individual schools) | DIV, REL, LING | Simplified integration of foreign-language residents (Ass. for Intercult. Education) | PARTLY (e.g. at Liechtenstein Music School) | Students frequently attend foreign institutions (e.g. in Switzerland, Austria) |
| Lithuania | PARTLY (especially in south-east regions) | MIN, LING | Inter-ministerial guidelines (2006) | N/A | _ |
| FYR of Macedonia | YES | MIN, REL, DIV, LING | Dispute on religious education in elementary schools | YES | ICE based on the Ohrid Framework Agreement (2007) |
| Malta | YES (Ministerial Policy Paper 2004) | DIV, ARTS, LING | Subject "Systems of Knowledge"; ICE "School Activity Pack" | N/A | _ |
| Moldova | PARTLY (elements of the general school curricula and in minority regions) | MIN, DIV, LING | Manuals of the "Independent Society for Human Rights Education" (NGO) | PARTLY, but lack of experienced staff and other resources | Training of teachers/trainers (e.g. by NGO "Orhei") |
| The Netherlands | YES (in addition to general and decentralized activity | MIN, ARTS, OTH (heritage education) | Focus on educative cultural/arts projects; "Kosmopolis" platform | YES | Courses at different universities/academies; summer schools etc. |
| Norway | PARTLY (inclusion and "mainstreaming" approaches) | DIV, MIN; ARTS, REL | Cultural diversity relevant in grants allocation | N/A | _ |
| Poland | NOT OFFICIALLY | ARTS, DIV, MIN | Small-scale initiatives (e.g. of NGOs) | PARTLY | Growing popularity of intercultural activities |
| Portugal | YES (ICE efforts at nat. and local levels) | ARTS, DIV | e.g. "Mus-e Project" of PT Menuhin Assoc. | N/A | _ |
| Romania | PARTLY (especially with regard to minorities) | MIN, LING | ICE optional class in secondary schools (2008) | PARTLY (e.g. Hungarian sections of universities) | NGO Education 2000+ Centre organises teachers training |
| Russia | YES (focus on ethnic or national diversity and identity) | MIN, LING, REL | Issues of "ethnic" vs. "integrated" schools, inter-religious dialogue | PARTLY (e.g. "culturology" courses) | Individual initiatives to foster inter-ethnic knowledge, tolerance |
| San Marino | YES ("mainstreaming" approach) | ARTS, DIV, REL | Schools to strike balance between local and global dimension | YES | Focus on active and democratic citizenship, inclusion |
| Serbia | PARTLY (integrated in different curricula) | MIN, LING, REL, ARTS | Joint courses of civic & religious education | PARTLY | MA in Intercultural Mediation at U of Arts |
| Slovakia | PARTLY | DIV, MIN, LING | National Strategy in the EYID 2008 context | N/A | _ |
| Slovenia | YES (inclusion and "mainstreaming" approach) | ARTS, DIV, LING | Active citizenship education and civic culture (since 2000) | YES (training of teachers, other professionals) | Nat. Education Institute "Catalogue of Counselling Services" |
| Spain | YES (national and regional activities, competencies) | DIV, LING, REL, ARTS | 2007: "Education for citizenship and human rights" in curriculum | YES (including traditional arts, e.g. Flamenco) | "Resource Centre for Attention to Cultural Diversity in Education" |
| Sweden | YES (integrated in different curricula) | DIV, MIN, LING, ARTS | DIV "one of the main objectives of Swedish cultural policy" | N/A | _ |
| Switzerland | YES (regional/local responsibility) | DIV, LING, ARTS | Popularity of language courses (e.g. Chinese) | YES | ICE teachers' training (Regio Basiliensis) |
| United Kingdom | YES (part of the national curriculum + cultural projects) | DIV, LING, MIN, ARTS | Studying a foreign language at secondary level is only optional | YES (at many universities) | Worldwide outreach activities (e.g. London Goldsmiths U in Asia) |
| Ukraine | YES (national and local responsibility) | DIV, MIN, ARTS | "Special hours dedicated to peace and tolerance" | PARTLY | Often with support from foreign cult. institutes or European bodies |
Source:
Compendium of Cultural Policies & Trends in Europe, 20th edition, 2018, with additional sources/websites.
Note:
This overview has been drafted by Andreas Wiesand (ERICarts Institute). It will be updated by the Compendium community of practice, including by members of the Expert Groups on “Cultural Education” and “Intercultural Dialogue”.
Laws and policies to support main national cultural minority groups
Information and data presented in this table is derived from individual Compendium country profiles, chapter 2.6 Culture and social inclusion.
| Country (YEAR) | Total Population | % of all National Minorities | Main National Minority Groups | Main Law Providing Civic and Cultural Rights to National Minorities | Main Cultural Policy Document Addressing National Minority Groups |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albania - 2006 | 3 581 655 | 0.05 | Greeks, Mace-donians, Vlachs and Roma. Efforts being made to add Roma to this list. | Article 20, Albanian Constitution (1998) | There is no main cultural policy document addressing national minority groups. |
| Armenia | 3 213 011 | 2.2% | Yazidis, Russians, Assyrians, Ukrainians, Greeks, Kurds | Law on Fundamentals of Cultural Legislation (2002) | There is no main cultural policy document addressing national minority groups. |
| Austria (2001 Census; *Test Census 2006; next Census 2011) | 8 100 000 *8 281 295 | less than 1% | Slovenes, Croats, Hungarians, Czechs, Slovaks, Roma | Ethnic Groups Act (1976) Article 8, para. 2 Austrian Constitution (2000) | The promotion of (ethnic) cultural diversity is one of the new government's proposals. According to the second Austrian report on migration and integration (2007), there are too few integration measures and the existing ones are not sufficiently coordinated. |
| Azerbaijan - 2008 | 8 629 900 | 9.4% | Lezghins, Russians, Armenians, Talishians, Avars, Akhiska Turks, Tatars, Ukranians, Tsakhurians, Georgians, Kurds, Tats, Jews, Udins, and others | Constitution of Azerbaijan (1995) Article 8, Law on Culture (1998) | Ministry of Culture and Tourism to establish a Coordinating Council on Cultural Diversity to focus on programmes to preserve and develop existing traditions of ethnic cultural communities. |
| Belgium - 2006 | 10 379 067 | - | There are no officially recognised minority groups in Belgium. | 1998 Flemish Parliament Decree to establish a policy on ethnic cultural minorities (=allochthonous people) | 2006 Flemish Community Action Plan on Cultural Diversity covering the sectors of youth, culture and sports. Focus on culture includes not only support for creative works of ethnic cultural minorities but also for the production process (organisational structures, audiences, etc.) |
| Bulgaria (2001 Census) | 7 929 000 | 16.1% | Turkish, Roma (9.4% Turkish; and 4.7% Roma, the remaining made up of Armenians, Greeks, Russians etc.) | Bulgarian Constitution | There is no main cultural policy document addressing national minority groups. The Ministry of Culture does provide support to projects of minority groups. It has also set up a Public Council on Cultural Diversity. |
| Canada | 33 000 000 | Aboriginals 3.2% Official Language minorities 6.4% Visible minorities 13.4% (73% live in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver) | Aboriginals Official Language Minorities: Anglophones in Quebec and Francophones outside of Quebec. Visible minorities: Individuals who are non-white in color and non-Aboriginal or non-Caucasian by race (Employment Equity Act) The three largest visible minority groups are: Chinese, South Asian and Black. | Aboriginals: Section 35, Constitution Act (1982) Official Language minorities: Official Languages Act Visible minorities: Canadian Multiculturalism Act, Employment Equity Act, Canadian Human Rights Act, Section 27 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms | Canada's Aboriginal Action Plan (1998) Government of Canada's Approach to Implementation of the Inherent Right and the Negotiation of Aboriginal Self-Government (1995) Comprehensive Claims Policy (1986) Official Languages Action Plan 2002-05 Canadian Diversity: Respecting our Differences (2004) Official languages Act - Part VII (Advancement of French and English) - Guide for Federal Institutions (2007) |
| Croatia (2001 Census) | 4 430 000 | 7.47% | Austrians, Albanians, Bosniacs, Czechs, Germans, Hungarians, Italians, Jews, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Roma, Ruthenians, Serbs, Slovaks, Slovenians and Ukrainians. | Constitution (1990, rev. 2001); Constitutional Law on the Rights of National Minorities (2002); The Law on the use of language and script of national minorities in the Republic of Croatia (2000) | There is no main cultural policy document addressing national minority groups. The Ministry of Culture does provide support to projects of minority groups in the form of grants to preserve traditional cultural expressions. Government Council on National Minorities also provides support to their cultural activities. |
| Denmark - 2004 | 5 404 000 | - | Germans | Integration Act (1999) | The Danish Arts Agency is responsibile for the implementation of cultural policy and cultural projects for cultural minorities, groups and communities. |
| Estonia - 2006 | 1 345 000 | 0.32 | Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusian, Finns, Swedes, Jews, Germans, Tatars, Roma | Law on the Cultural Autonomy of National Minorities (1993) | Listed as a policy priority in the government's current list of cultural policy priorities. New action plan has been developed on Integration in Estonian Society 2008-2013. |
| Finland | 5 200 000 | 0.06 | Swedish-speaking Finns, Sami, Roma | Non-Discrimin-ation Act, 2004 (following EU Directive); Language Law (2004); Sami Language Law (2003). | Mainstreaming approach, where support activities are part of government programme. National minorities have their own associations/institutions and are funded within the framework of part of the overall cultural funding system. Special funding programme for immigrant groups. |
| France - 2004 | 60 380 000 | - | In France there are no officially recognised minority groups. | - | - |
| Georgia (2002 Official Statistics) | 4 371 535 | 16.2% | Abkhazians, Ossetians, Armenians, Russians, Azerbaijanis, Greeks, Jews, Ukrainians, Kurds | Article 38 Constitution of Georgia (1995) | The Ministry of Culture, Protection of Monuments and Sports developed a programme for the cultural development of ethnic minorities. Ministry of Culture, Protection of Monuments and Sports Strategy (2007). In conformity with strategy IV - Development of Culture of National Minorities. |
| Germany - 2005 | 82 460 000 | - | Danes, North Frisians, Sater Frisians, Sorbs, German Sinti and Roma | - | No programme based cultural policy for ethnic minorities. Current discussions on the need for cultural policy to address cultural interests and rights of participation and self-organisation of ethnic minorities. Federal Commissioner for Cultural and Media Affairs, made contribution to the new "National Plan for Integration" |
| Greece - 2004 | 11 057 000 | - | In Greece there are no officially recognised national minority groups. A Muslim religious minority is recognised in the region of Thrace. | - | - |
| Hungary (2002 Census) | 10 020 000 | 3-5% | Armenians, Bulgarians, Croats, Germans, Greeks, Poles, Roma, Romanians, Ruthenians, Serbs, Slovaks, Slovenes and Ukrainians. | Act on National and Ethnic Minorities (1993) defining collective and individual rights | There is no main cultural policy document addressing national minority groups. |
| Ireland | 4 200 000 | - | There are no officially recognised minority groups in Ireland. | - | There is no main cultural policy document |
| Italy (2005 ISTAT) | 58 462 375 | - | Germans, Ladins, Slovenians, Croatians, Greeks, Albanians, Catalans | Article 6 Constitution of Italy (1947)and Law 482/99 providing civic and cultural rights with a focus on language. | There is no main cultural policy document addressing national minority groups. |
| Latvia - 2006 | 2 261 300 | 40.7% | Russians, Byelorussians, Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, Estonians, Jews, others | Constitution of the Republic of Latvia; Law on Free Development and Rights for Cultural Autonomy of National and Ethnic Groups (1991) | Policy guidelines Social integration policy (adopted 2001); National Programme for Promoting Tolerance 2006-2010; National Programme Roma (Gypsies) in Latvia 2007-2009; National Long-term Special-Purpose Programme The Livonians (the Livs) in Latvia (1999). |
| Lithuania (2001 Census) | 3 445 000 | 16.6% | Poles, Russians, Belorussians, Ukrainians, Other | Law on National Minorities (1991) | 2004 Programme of Integration of National Minorities into Society for the years 2005 - 2010. |
| FYR of Macedonia (2002 Census) | 2 022 547 | 35.8% | Albanians, Turks, Serbs, Romanies, Vlachs, Bosniaks, Other | Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia | The National Program for Culture 2004-2008 and Strategic Plan 2009-2011 identifies support for the projects of cultural minorities and emphasises their involvement in the entire range of cultural institutions. |
| Moldova - 2004 | 3 388 000 | 21.8% | Ukrainians, Russians, Bulgarians, Gagauz. | Constitution of the Republic of Moldova (1994); The Law on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National Minorities and the Legal status of their Organisations of 19 August 2001. | There is no main cultural policy document addressing national minority groups |
| Netherlands - 2006 | 16 300 000 | - | Frisans | Covenant on the Frisian Language and Culture (2005) | While there is no main cultural policy document addressing the Frisan community, there are two important documents addressing diversity: 2001-2004 policy plan "Make Way for Cultural Diversity" and the cultural policy paper 2003 "More than the Sum". |
| Norway - 2005 | 4 600 000 | - | Jews, Kvens, Roma, Romani People an Skogfins | Article 110a of the Constitution (1814); Act on the Sàmi People (1987). | White Paper on Cultural Minorities (2000). 2008 declared by the parliament as the Year of Cultural Diversity. |
| Poland (2002 Census) | 38 600 000 | 3.5% | National minorities: Germans, Ukrainians, Armenians, Belarussians, Lithuanians, Slovaks, Czechs, Russians, Jews; ethnic minorities: Karaites, Lemkos, Roma, Tatars and one regional group: Kashubes | Article 35, Polish Constitution (1997); National and Ethnic Minorities and Regional Languages Act (2005) | There is no main cultural policy document addressing national minority groups. |
| Portugal | 10 356 117 | 2.1% | From Portuguese-speaking countries, e.g. Cape-verde, Angola and Brasil and also from Eastern Europe. | Article 78 , Portuguese Constitution (1976). | There is no main cultural policy document addressing national minority groups. |
| Russia (2002 Census) | 145 000 000 | 20.2% | More than 180 different ethnic communities. | Articles 26, and 69, Constitution of the Russian Federation (1993), Law on National Cultural Autonomy (1996); Law on Languages of the Peoples of the RSFSR (amended in 1998), Law on the Rights Guaranteed for Indigenous Peoples (1999); the Law on General Principles of Organising Communes among the Indigenous Peoples of the North, Siberia and of the Far East of the RF (2000). | There is no main cultural policy document addressing national minority groups. The Concept of State National ( ethnic ) Policy (1996) is currently being revised. According to proposals by the Public Chamber (2007), this concept is to be based on contemporary notions of ethnic and cultural diversity, and human rights thus laying new principles for managing a diverse society. |
| San Marino - 2009 | San Marino has a total of 39 533 inhabitants, out of whom 26 885 reside within the territory and 12 648 reside abroad, scattered all over the world | less than 1% | Italians, Romanians, Argentineans, Ukrainians, Russians, Poles, French and Albanians | Declaration on Citizen's Rights (1974) | There is no main cultural policy document addressing national minority groups as minorities are few |
| Serbia (2002 Official Statistics) | 7 498 001 | 17.1% | Montenegrins, Yugoslavs, Albanians, Bosnians, Bulgarians, Bunjevtsi, Vlachs, Gorani, Hungarians, Macedonians, Muslims, Germans, Roma, Romanians, Russians, Ruthenians, Slovaks, Slovenians, Ukrainians, Croatians, Czechs | Article 14 Constitution (2006) ; Law on the Protections of the Rights and Freedoms of National Minorities (2002) | The Ministry of Culture supports a number of cultural projects and programmes by ethnic communities from all over Serbia; Since 2009 all these programmes are "monitored" by the National councils representing ethnic minorities and first minority cultural institutes had been created in Novi Sad (Slovak and Ruthenes). |
| Slovakia (December 31, 2007) | 5 400 998 | 14.57 % | Hungarians (9.51%), Roma (1.89%), Czech (0.88%), Ruthenian (0.44%), Ukrainian (0.21%) | Chapter 4 Constitution of the Slovak Republic (1992); Act on Application of Languages of National Minorities (1999) Act on Designation of Communities in Languages of National Minorities (1994) | Policy Statement of the Government of the Slovak Republic (2006 -2010) |
| Slovenia (2002 Census estimate) | 1 978 852 | 6.1% | Hungarians, Italians, Roma (three officially recognised minorities) and others ethnic groups: Croatians, Serbs, Bosnians, Macedonians, Albanians, Montenegrins | Article 64, Constitution of Slovenia (1991) ; Self-Governing Ethnic Communities Act (1994) Article 65Exercising of the Public Interest in Culture Act (2002) The Roma Community Act (2007) defines the scope of special rights of the Roma Community, the jurisdiction of state authorities and the local community authorities in exercising those rights, and the organisation of the Roma community in order to implement their rights and obligations as set out by the Act. Self-Governing Ethnic Communities Act defining the special rights of Italian and Hungarian minorities was adopted in 1994 already. | National Programme for Culture (2008-2011); The Resolution for Italian and Hungarian minorities started parliamentarian procedure in 2007. |
| Spain -2008 | 46 063 511 | 9.7% are immigrants | Roma (1.5%), Jewish (0.1%), Romanians (1.56%), Moroccan (1.55%), Ecuadorians (0.91%). | Article 14, Spanish Constitution (1978). Article 70, Organic Act 4/2000 on the rights and liberties of foreign nationals in Spain and their social integration. | There is no main cultural policy document addressing national minority groups. Nevertheless, the Ministry of Culture has supported the creation of the " Roma Cultural Institute Foundation " (2007). In February 2007 the government approved the Strategic Plan on Citizenship and Integration (2007-2010) which recognizes equal rights and duties for everyone, equality of opportunities and respect for diversity. On the other hand, the National Action Plan on Social Inclusion (2008-2010) stresses the need to aid the socio-professional integration of immigrant groups. |
| Sweden -2006 | 9 040 000 | * | Swedish Finns, Tornedalers, Roma and Jews | Government Bill 1998/99:143 Nationella minoriteter i Sverige (National Minorities in Sweden) | 2006 declared the Year of Cultural Diversity. First evaluation of its activities published in 2007. |
| Switzerland | 8 100 000 | 20.5% | 87% Europeans, half of them from Germany (190 000), Serbia (190 000), Portugal (180 000) and Italy (290 000). | - | - |
| Ukraine (2007 Official Statistics) | 45 963 471 | 20.73% | Russians, Byelorussians, Moldavians, Crimean Tatars, Bulgarians, Hungarians, Romanians, Poles, Jews, Armenians, Greeks, Tatars, Roma, Azerbaijanis, Georgians, Germans | Article 11 Constitution of Ukraine (1996) ; Declaration of Rights of Nationalities in the Ukraine (1991); Fundamentals of the Legislation on Culture (1992) | Presidential Edict on Measures Supporting the Activity of National and Cultural Societies (2001). |
| United Kingdom (2001 Census*) | 54 154 000 | 7.9% (non-white ethnic minority groups) | Indigenous: Roma, Welsh, Cornish, Celtic Other: South Asians (Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis), Afro-Caribbean, Jews, Black Africans, Chinese, Turkish groups, Irish, Vietnamese | Race Relations Act (1976), Human Rights Act (1998), Northern Ireland Equality Act (1998), Race Relations Amendment Act (2000), Racial and Religious Hatred Act (2006, England & Wales) | There is no main cultural policy document, but Black and Minority Ethnic groups are defined as a priority group by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport and are included in Public Service Agreement Targets, set by the Treasury. |
Country Notes:
| * | Sweden: | The share of “minority groups” is extremely small. The largest one, the Sami group, consists of approx. 20.000 persons. The main focus of attention in Sweden is on the “new minorities” or immigrants coming mainly from South East Europe or from outside of Europe. They are not officially recognised “minority groups”. Official population statistics show that, in 2006, the number of persons with a “foreign background” i.e., persons born in other countries and persons with both parents born in foreign countries, was 1.46 million or 16,2% of total population. |
| UK: | UK census 2001 available at statistics.gov.uk |
Source:
Compendium of Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe, 20th edition, 2018.
Selected cultural diversity and intercultural dialogue policies in different sectors
Challenges to cultural diversity and intercultural dialogue policies
Intercultural dialogue: examples of policies and programmes
Linguistic diversity and media programming
| Country | Official Language(s) | Legally Recognised Languages of Minority Cultural Groups | Legal Provisions to Promote the use of Languages of Minority Cultural Groups in Radio/TV Programming |
|---|---|---|---|
| Albania | Albanian | Tosk, Gheg (both dialect) | NO |
| Armenia | Armenian | Russian, Yazidi and Assyrian | YES |
| Austria | German | Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene | YES |
| Azerbaijan | Azerbaijani | All languages including those of minorities | YES |
| (more than 15) | |||
| Belgium | Flemish, French and German | NO | NO |
| Bulgaria | Bulgarian | Turkish, Romani | YES |
| Canada* | English and French | NO | YES |
| Croatia | Croatian | Czech, German, Hungarian, Italian, Serbian, Slovenian and Ukrainian. | YES |
| Denmark | Danish | German | YES |
| Estonia | Estonian | NO | NO |
| Finland | Finnish and Swedish | Sami, Roma, Sign language | YES |
| France | French | NO | NO |
| Georgia | Georgian and Abkhazian | NO | NO |
| Germany | German | Sorbian, Danish | YES |
| Greece | Greek | NO | NO |
| Holy See | Latin | NO | NO |
| Hungary | Hungarian | Croatian, German, Romanian, Romani, Ruthenian, Polish, Serbian, Slovakian, Bulgarian, Greek, Armenian, Ukrainian and Slovenian | YES |
| Ireland | Irish and English | NO | NO |
| Italy | Italian | German, Ladin, French and Slovenian, Albanian, Catalans, Greeks, Croatians, Friulan, Occitan and Sardinian | YES |
| Latvia | Latvian | Livonian language | YES |
| Liechtenstein | German | NO | NO |
| Lithuania | Lithuanian | NO | YES |
| FYR of | Macedonian | Albanian, Turkish, Serbian, Romani, Vlach | YES |
| Macedonia | |||
| Malta | Maltese and English | NO | NO |
| Moldova | Romanian and Russian | Russian | YES |
| Monaco | French | NO | NO |
| Netherlands | Dutch | Friesian | YES |
| Norway | Norwegian with two forms, Bokmål and Nynorsk | Sàmi, Kvensk, Romanes and Romani | NO |
| Poland | Polish | National minorities' languages: German, Ukrainian, Armenian, Belarussian, Lithuanian, Slovak, Czech, Russian, Hebrew/Yiddish; Ethnic minorities' languages: Karaitic, Lemkos, Romani, Tatarian and one regional language: Kashubian | NO |
| Portugal | Portuguese | NO | NO |
| Romania | Romanian | 19 minority languages are recognised by law | YES |
| Russia | Russian for the Russian Federation, respective languages for the Republics of the Federation | All languages including those of minorities (more than 150) | YES |
| San Marino | Italian | NO | NO |
| Serbia | Serbian | In those areas where significant numbers of ethnic minorities live, the minority languages are in official use concurrently with the Serbian language. | YES |
| Slovakia | Slovak | Hungarian, Roma, Czech, Ruthenian, Ukrainian, Polish, German, Croatian, Bulgarian | YES |
| Slovenia | Slovenian | Hungarian, Italian and Romani | NO |
| Spain | Castilian Basque: co-official in the Basque Country and in some areas of Navarre. Catalan: co-official in Catalonia and Balearic Islands. Occitan, called Aranes in the Aran Valley: co-official in Catalonia. ** Galician: co-official in Galicia. Valencian: co-official in Valencia | Catalan and Aragonese are recognised minority languages in Aragon. Bable in Asturias. | YES |
| Sweden | Swedish | Sami (all forms), Finnish, Meänkieli (Tornedal Finnish), Romani Chib (all forms) and Yiddish | NO*** |
| Switzerland | German, French, Italian, Rhaeto-romanic | NO | NO |
| Ukraine | Ukranian | YES | YES |
| United Kingdom | English | Gaelic, Welsh, Ulster Scots, Manx, Cornish, Irish, Scots | YES |
Notes:
| * | (Canada) No laws but CRTC Regulations in effect regarding licensed non-official language services over radio and television. |
| ** | (Spain) This is according to the new regional law, which is being examined by the Constitutional Court. In the previous regional law the aranes was recognised as a minority language in Catalonia, subject to special protection. |
| *** | (Sweden) No laws – but rules and contracts with media and minority cultural groups/communities. |
Source:
Compendium of Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe, 20th edition, 2018.