3. Cultural and creative sectors
Finland
Last update: March, 2017
The main focus in the last few years in the Finnish heritage field and national cultural heritage policies has been the ratification processes and the implementation of international heritage conventions, namely Unesco Convention on the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, Council of Europe Faro Convention on the Value of Heritage for Society and the Unesco World Heritage Convention. The other main issue has to do with the digitalisation of cultural heritage, with great leaps happening in 2016. The last three years have also been a time of strategic policy development in the field of cultural heritage and cultural environment, with the preparation of Finland’s first ever cultural environment strategy and a new World Heritage Strategy. Also, in 2016 work towards a new museum policy programme was started. In addition, museums are also directly affected by the process of renewing of the system of national financing of professional museums, theatres and orchestras, the so called state’s share system (valtionosuusjärjestelmä, VOS in Finnish; see chapter 7), which started in 2015.
The question of integration of immigrants and asylum seekers has also been a central theme in the field of cultural heritage and the work of Finnish heritage organisations, with museum and taking an active role in developing projects for the integration of immigrants through cultural means.
World heritage
World heritage in the Unesco framework has been one of the main emphasises of Finnish heritage policies in the last two years. The main reason for this is Finland’s membership of the Unesco World Heritage Committee for 2014-2017. Finland has been a member of the Committee also once before, in 1997-2002.
Finland ratified the Convention concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage (the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, 1972) in 1987. At present the World Heritage List contains six Finnish World Heritage sites and one Natural Heritage Site:
- Fortress of Suomenlinna (since 1991);
- Old Rauma (1991);
- Petäjävesi Old Church (1994);
- Verla Groundwood and Board Mill (1996);
- Bronze Age Burial Site at Sammallahdenmäki (1999);
- Struve Geodetic Arc (2005); and
- Kvarken Archipelago (2006).
In addition to the committee membership, a national world heritage strategy was presented in 2015. The strategy outlines Finnish policy on world heritage and the implementation of the Unesco World Heritage Convention for the ten-year period of 2015–2025. According to the strategy, Finland is a responsible and influential actor in world heritage issues, while the world heritage sites of our own country serve as a model for other nations in the conservation, maintenance and presentation of the sites. Viable habitats are a key element of the world heritage to be passed on to the future generations.
In spring 2016 a working group, comprising of members from relevant ministries, world heritage sites and stakeholders responsible for the implementation, started to develop a more detailed implementation plan for the strategy. The plan, called Fostering Our Common Heritage; Implementation Plan for the National World Heritage Strategy until 2025, was published in autumn 2016 and sets out the methods, timetables, budgets and follow-up procedures for the implementation. http://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/handle/10024/79129
In 2015 the Governing Body of Suomenlinna, together with its stakeholders in the tourism industry, presented a first sustainable tourism strategy for Suomenlinna as a world heritage site. In 2013−2014, Suomenlinna participated in sustainable tourism planning for World Heritage Sites along with 14 other World Heritage Sites located in the Nordic countries and the Baltic region, which was one of the key factors in initiating the Suomenlinna strategy work. The aim of the strategy is to integrate the objectives of both site conservation and tourism development. The sustainable tourism strategy provides Suomenlinna’s stakeholders with an instrument and common guidelines that help conserve its World Heritage value. See: http://frantic.s3.amazonaws.com/suomenlinna/2015/06/Sustainable_Tourism_Strategy_062015_final_0.pdf
Finland is currently formulating a new tentative list of world heritage sites for inscription into to the World Heritage List. One of the suggested sites is the Paimio Sanatorium, designed by Alvar Aalto in 1929-33. The Sanatorium was already in the previous tentative list from 2002.
| Adopt a Monument Finnish awareness-raising heritage program, ‘Adopt a Monument’, encourages citizens to ‘adopt’ monuments of cultural and historic significance in their communities, to care for them and to put them back into use. The program encourages everyone to appreciate and preserve sites in their own neighborhoods. The caretaking of an old building or archaeological site is done on a voluntary basis. The adopter does not own its site, but maintains it, monitors its condition, can research its history and organize variety of events on the site. The project is facilitated by the Pirkanmaa Provincial Museum in Tampere and it was started in 2008, inspired by Adopt-a-Monument -program run by a Scottish citizen-based organization Archaeology Scotland. The first caretaking contracts of archaeological sites were signed in 2009. In 2013 architectural and built heritage was added to the program. ‘Adopt a Monument’ has grown rapidly and has enjoyed tremendous popularity in Finland. New monuments are being added and it has started to spread from Pirkanmaa in central Finland to the rest of the country. Caretaking of the adopted monuments is based upon agreements signed between the owner of the site, the adopter and the Pirkanmaa Provincial Museum. A management plan for the site is formulated, taking into account its condition, maintenance needs, as well as the caretaking group’s resources. The adopter may be for example a community, an association, a company or a public entity, such as a school. Some groups have formed an association specifically to meet the criteria of an adopter. Adopt a Monument –program was selected as one of the winners of the 2016 European Union Prize for Cultural Heritage / Europa Nostra Awards, Europe’s highest honour in the heritage field, in April 2016. All in all 28 laureates from 16 countries were recognised for their achievements in conservation, research, dedicated service, and education, training and awareness-raising. Independent expert juries assessed a total of 187 applications, submitted by organisations and individuals from 36 countries across Europe. The award is presented at a European Heritage Awards Ceremony in May 2016. |
Europa Nostra European Heritage Conference will be organised in Turku, Finland in 2017 and will be part of the centenary celebrations of Finland’s independence.
Intangible heritage
Finland ratified the UNESCO Convention on the Safeguarding of the Intangible Heritage in 2013. The National Board of Antiquities was commissioned by the Ministry of Education and Culture to prepare a plan for the national implementation of the Convention. The plan, which was published in 2015, is based on extensive research and to hearings held with interest groups and the operators in the heritage sector. The plan describes the principles for the national implementation of the Convention, as well as the key operators and their tasks.
The implementation of the Convention is carried out in three main processes, which are national coordination, national inventorying and international cooperation. The implementation of the Convention will guided by an action plan for a term of four years.
The central actors in the implementation of the Convention are the Ministry of Education and Culture, the National Board of Antiquities, an expert group of intangible cultural heritage named by the Ministry of Education and Culture in autumn 2014, and so called circles of intangible cultural heritage, assembled from multidisciplinary networks of actors and following the UNESCO domains of intangible heritage (oral traditions and expressions, including language as a vehicle of the intangible cultural heritage; performing arts; social practices, rituals and festive events; knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe; traditional craftsmanship). The first circle to start operating was that of craftsmanship, in December 2015. In spring 2016 the ‘circle of nature’ was established.
In February 2016 the National Board of Antiquities opened a wiki-inventory for intagible heritage. The purpose of the inventory is to compile information and present intangible heritage in Finland. It is open When the inventory was launched, it already listed some elements in order to give examples of the types of elements that can be listed. So far the inventory includes sauna and midsummer traditions, summer stock theatre, as well as Finnish baseball. The Romani song tradition, Sami handicrafts, the minuet tradition in Finland’s Swedish-speaking community, and African dance and music are also listed in the inventory.
Elements within the wiki-inventory can later be suggested for the national listing of intangible cultural heritage, which is to be published in 2017. From this listing, applications can then be made for the elements to be included in the international UNESCO listings. The Ministry of Education and Culture decides on both the national list and the elements to be taken forward at UNESCO level.
Faro Convention
The ratification process of the Faro Convention has been under way in Finland since 2014. The preparations for the Faro ratification has also been a part of the implementation of the Finnish National environment strategy (see below).
The Ministry of Education and Culture tasked the National Board of Antiquities with carrying out the preparatory review for the ratification of the convention. The work was carried out in collaboration with the Finnish Local Heritage Federation in 2014, and the review was published in May 2015.
The preparatory review recommends the ratification of the Faro Convention in Finland. The review mapped the development needs of the kind of cultural heritage work that could promote the objectives of the Faro Convention in Finland. The review also aimed for widespread citizen participation. The report from review stresses for value-based discussion on the importance of cultural heritage to society and the development directions of cultural heritage work. The report also recommends operating methods for supporting the sustainable cultural heritage work outlined by the Faro Convention. The Finnish Faro preparatory work was presented as a good example of a European cultural heritage governance top-down –projects in the European Expert Network on Culture (EENC) report mapping practices in member states (Margherita Sani et al 2015).
National Cultural Environment Strategy
In March 2014 the Finnish Government issued a resolution concerning the first national Cultural Environment Strategy. The strategy was prepared through widespread cooperation coordinated by the Ministry of the Environment and the Ministry of Education and Culture. Together with key operators in the cultural environment sector, a working group led by the Ministry of the Environment prepared an implementation plan for the strategy. The plan includes 54 concrete actions, the majority of which fall under the responsibility of the public administration. The goals of the cultural environment strategy have been crystallised into three viewpoints: cultural environment as an important resource, sustainable development, and good administration. Strategy in English: https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/135508/Cultural%20Environment%20Strategy_2014.pdf?sequence=1.
In 2015, the Ministry of the Environment and the Ministry of Education and Culture made a commitment under Society’s Commitment to Sustainable Development (a national initiative to achieve sustainable development, http://www.sitoumus2050.fi), to carry out the implementation plan of the Cultural Environment Strategy. Further, the ministries are challenging other parties to make their own commitments to sustainable development for the purpose of contributing to the implementation of the strategy.
Finnish museums and the museum policy programme
In 2010 there were some 160 professionally managed museums, with more than three hundred operating locations. Two-thirds of these museums were historical museums, the rest were special museums, arts museums and museums of natural history. 22 of the museums are regional historical museums and 16 regional art museums. In addition there are 14 special museums focussing on particular sectors, like the Museum of Photography, Design Museum etc. From the point of view of minorities, of importance is the SIIDA-Institute, the home of the Sámi Museum and the Northern Lapland Nature Centre. With its cultural and nature exhibitions, SIIDA provides in its collections and exhibitions items of Sámi culture and nature of Northern Lapland.
| Museum Card Museum card is a common entrance ticket to Finnish museums. It was launched in Finland 5th May 2015, following the example of the Netherlands, where a similar card has been used for over 30 years. Currently there are over 220 Finnish museums involved in the system. According to the Finnish Museums Association, in the first year 60 000 museum cards, priced at 59 EUR (54 EUR for renewal), were sold in Finland. The card has been a great success, as the original goal was to sell 20 000 cards. In a customer satisfaction survey, 81% of the card holders gave the card a grade "very good". (http://www.museot.fi) 162 000 visits were paid with the Museum card in 2015. According to Finnish museum statistics, collected by the National Board of Antiquities, paid museum visits increased In Finland by 151 000 in 2015. Year 2015 was also the first year when the number free visits started to decline. Museum card is most likely the main factor behind the increase. The success is expected to continue in 2016. According to Museum card statistics, during January-April 2016 already 172 000 museum visits have been paid with the Museum card. It is estimated that the Museum card will generate 5.5 million EUR for Finnish museum in 2016.The museums involved in the system receive 60% of the price of regular adult ticket from each visit paid with the card. |
The Ministry of Education and Culture appointed a working group to prepare a new Museum Policy Programme in 2015. The previous programme, Museum 2000, dates back to 1999. The mandate of the working group runs from 1 August 2015 to 31 January 2016.
The objective of the Museum Policy Programme is to increase possibilities for participation in the museum sector and cultural heritage for all population groups and to boost the impact of this sector in society. Particular attention is to be focused on activities targeted at children and young people and the accessibility of services.
The working group was assigned to draw up a comprehensive report on the field of professionally managed museums in Finland and to formulate a view on its future and development needs. The working group is to prepare proposals for museum policy outlines and focal points based on cultural policy objectives and changes in the operating environment, accounting for changes at the local, regional, national and international level alike. Additionally, the working group will focus attention on the indirect impacts of the museum and cultural heritage sector, for example on promoting wellbeing and creativity as well as growth and employment. The working group is also to take into account the resolution of the Parliament (HE 303/2014) on drafting an overall reform of the Museums Act and ensuring that the new Act may be passed in the government term 2015-2018.
The remit of the working group is:
- To prepare policy outlines and focal points for museum activities in Finland.
- To take a position on the structure of the museum institution, effectiveness of the central government transfer system and the grounds for allocating funding.
- To examine the status of regional museum activities and, in particular, the needs to develop the provincial and regional art museum system.
- To look at the utilisation of museums and cultural heritage as a resource and their role in enabling new activities in different sectors.
- To make proposals for new operating methods and the spreading of good practices.
- To evaluate whether or not the Museums Act is up to date and to assess the need for an overhaul of the Act.
Digitisation of cultural heritage
The digitisation of cultural heritage for all "memory organisations" (museums, archives and libraries) has been a central information society and cultural policy strategy goal in Finland for almost fifteen years.
The outlines for the digitisation of cultural heritage for all "memory organisations" (museums, archives and libraries) are defined in the information society strategy documents of the Ministry of Education and Culture and in a special committee report on the heritage strategy in the information society, released in 2003. The digitisation is carried out in all three sectors as an integral part of all activities and the three "memory sectors" have established bodies for mutual co-operation.
The National Digital Library (NDL) is a project of the Ministry of Education and Culture which aims to ensure that electronic materials of Finnish culture and science are managed with a high standard, are easily accessed and securely preserved into the future. It is one of the key electronic research and culture infrastructures currently under construction in Finland. The National Digital Library is a part of the development of national electronic services and infrastructures. For over 20 years, the joint use of information has been addressed in policy outlines on public sector information management and the development of the information society in Finland.
The National Digital Library consists of two services, Finna (http://www.finna.fi) and a Digital Preservation System.
Finna is a user interface search service, which brings together the collections of Finnish libraries, archives and museums. Finna provides free access to cultural content and digital information from Finnish museums, libraries and archives. The National Library of Finland maintains and develops Finna in cooperation with its partners
The Finna service features treasures from the collections as well as the latest research results. Users can access images of museum objects and works of art, digital documents, books, maps and reference data independent of time and place.
Currently, Finna provides access to materials of around 110 organisations (University and polytechnic libraries, Public libraries, Museums and Archives).
The metadata in Finna.fi has been been published in spring 2016 through an open application programming interface at api.finna.fi. Through the API, anyone can access the metadata for almost 9 million entries in the Finna.fi service. In spring 2016 Finna also opened a new search function with more than 200 000 open-licence images from the Finnish cultural heritage and more than 300 000 images under Creative Commons licences. This represents the largest amount of Finnish cultural data ever made openly available at one time.
The Digital Preservation System is a centralised digital preservation system designed to store digital cultural heritage objects of museums, archives and libraries. The national Digital Preservation Service ensures that original digital data (bit stream) of the information remains unchanged and can be preserved on up-to-date storage media. In the future the Digital Preservation Service will ensure that the digital information remains intelligible and that information can be accessed by future generations.
In early 2017 the web service for the National Board of Antiquities' picture collections opened more than 100 000 pictures for use in the http://www.finna.fi –service with a CC BY-licence, which means the picture can be used also for commercial purposes, if the picture source and photographer are mentioned.
For more information, see
European Heritage Network: Country profile Finland
This information will be published as soon as possible.
This information will be published as soon as possible.
This information will be published as soon as possible.
Last update: March, 2017
The "culture industries" were not, until late 1990s, been a central concept in Finnish cultural policies, which have, by and large, focused on the arts, heritage issues, cultural services, cultural participation and access to culture. This is reflected in the financing figures: only the press, radio- and television, film production and distribution and, to a minor extent, also book publishing, have special outlays in the state budget and their appropriations are close to nil in the municipal / city budgets. Architecture and design have been subsidised as artforms, and the performing arts are considered a part of cultural services and not as branches of the culture (or creative) industries. As the professional and basic arts education are not within the jurisdiction of cultural policy decision-making but are considered part of overall educational policies, the labour market issues of culture industries have neither been dealt with in art policies and cultural policies in any other sense as artist's social welfare security.
Since the 1970s, there have been studies defining culture industries in terms of given industrial branches; in the most recent studies the culture industries have been defined as industrial sub-sectors of copyright industries. As the line is drawn between culture industries and the "rest" of the copyright industries, the latter contain computer software, information systems, advertising and mass media (the press and traditional audio-visual media, i.e. radio and television), and the culture industries, which are:
- book publishing (which, from a narrower cultural policy point of view can be restricted to cover belles-lettres and books for children and youth);
- film and video sectors;
- music industry (phonograms, concert activities);
- visual arts (art markets);
- performing arts (orchestras, theatre, opera, dance); and
- architecture, design and photography.
In this classification, artistic work and heritage are seen as basic "primary industries" for production and distribution activities and consequently cultural policies pertain only to those sub-sectors of the media and cultural production which distinctly base their value-adding processes to artistic work and heritage. This distinction is not, however, taken universally as the basis in defining either culture industries or the domains of cultural policies.
In 2006 report drafting the national creativity strategy took overall creativity (i.e. in education and working life) as its starting point and, in respect to culture industries, prefers the British concept of creative industries to that of the above narrower concept. However the narrower concept was the starting point when the Ministry of Education and Culture started to actively promote cultural exports and the creative economy. The creativity report was followed by a development programme for cultural exports 2007-2011. The creative economy also had a significant part in the Ministry's 2020 Strategy, where entrepreneurship and exports in the arts and culture were strongly emphasised.
In the development programme of the Ministry of Education and Culture for the years 2007-2013, within the framework of the EU Structural Funds, the approach was even more entrepreneurial, that is, focussed on the economy, management, education and internationalisation in the creative economy. In October 2012 the Ministry of Employment and the Economy, in co-operation with the Ministry of Education and Culture, published a report, prepared by a joint working group appointed by both ministries, assessing the increasing significance of creative skills for the renewal of economic structures and growth. The report proposed measures and development guidelines for the government term ending in 2015 and, to some extent, for the European Union 2014–2020 structural fund programming. The strategic guidelines of the group pertained to development for the business environment - on intellectual property rights; development of skills; entrepreneurship and the development of the business sector; control of business development services and interaction with the creative economy sector and the development of knowledge base.
During this time, most of the Finnish regions and major cities produced strategic papers on creative industries and the Ministry produced a report – Regional development work in the Creative Economy and Culture 2010-2020- to enhance the development in the regions. http://www.minedu.fi/export/sites/default/OPM/Julkaisut/2010/liitteet/OKMtr13.pdf?lang=fi.
Since the 2007-2013 Social Fund period the most intensive creative industries and creative economy boom has calmed down. The new social fund period of 2014-2020 emphasizes the application of arts and culture based knowledge and know-how in businesses and in the education and wider public sector, to increase opportunities for creative professionals to earn a living from their work. The main goal thus is to strengthen co-operation between art and culture and growth sectors and those sectors undergoing restructuring. The other main line of support is aimed at young people, in preventing social exclusion from education and working life by supporting young people's inclusion and wellbeing. The objectives are thus quite different from the previous Social Fund periods and compliment the current cultural policy aim of cultural inclusion of children and young people.
In December 2016 a new interministerial (Ministries of Education and Culture; the Economic Affairs and Employment; and Social Affairs and Health) working group was appointed, led by the current Minister for Transport and Communications. The remit of the working group is to map the barriers hindering the development of the creative industries in economic forces in Finland. The working group will make proposal on how to best develop and support businesses and labour in the creative industries, how creative industries support mechanisms should be developed and how to develop the social security of artists and creative industries professionals. The working group will submit its report in spring 2017.
Strengthening the knowledge base of cultural policy and especially in the development of cultural industries, the understanding of the economic impact of culture has been a key challenge also in Finland for a good part of the last ten years. Since 2007 Statistics Finland has been collecting information about the economic contribution of culture in the Finnish economy with a culture satellite account. First data was produced for 1995-2005 in a pilot project funded by the Ministry of Education and Culture. After the pilot project, co-operation between Statistics Finland and the Ministry of Education and Culture to produce the culture satellite has been extended annually with a separate agreement.
The latest culture satellite accounts statistics describe the situation in 2014. The role of culture in the economy fell still slightly, and its share of GDP was 2.9 per cent in 2014, whereas it was 3.0 per cent one year earlier. The falling tendency was visible in both production, consumption and particularly in employment. As regards cultural employment, the number of employed persons in cultural industries in Finland has fallen in absolute terms nearly continuously from 2008 onwards, and the fall was particularly big in 2014, when compared to the previous year.
The significant exception was the games industry, which grew strongly in 2014 as well. In most industry groups, value added was either unchanged or slightly decreased, but small growth was visible in the fields of live culture and radio and TV activities. The share of culture in employment was 3.5 per cent in 2014. The share of culture in employment is clearly higher than its share of value added or output, which were both 2.9 per cent in 2014.
Table 1: Output, value added, employment and production shares of cultural activities 2010-2014
| 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Output, million EUR | 11 036 | 11 519 | 11 598 | 11 265 | 11 260 |
| Value added, million EUR | 5 355 | 5 459 | 5 489 | 5 155 | 5 165 |
| Employed, 100 persons | 1 046 | 1 052 | 1 041 | 995 | 870 |
| Share (%) of output | 3,1 | 3,0 | 3,0 | 2,9 | 2,9 |
| Share (%) of value added | 3,3 | 3,2 | 3,2 | 3,0 | 2,9 |
| Share (%) of employed | 4,2 | 4,2 | 4,1 | 4,0 | 3,5 |
Source: Statistics Finland, Culture Satellite Accounts 2014, www.stat.fi, Tables in database
Table 2: Share of value added of culture, in %, 2010-2014 – ESA 2010
| 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Artistic, theatre and concert activities | 9.0 | 8.8 | 8.9 | 10.2 | 10.4 |
| Libraries, archives, museums etc. | 5.6 | 5.8 | 5.7 | 6.2 | 5.9 |
| Art and antique shops | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
| Production and distribution of books | 6.7 | 6.4 | 6.7 | 6.8 | 7.2 |
| Newspapers, periodicals and news agencies | 18.4 | 18.4 | 17.9 | 16.1 | 15.4 |
| Production and distribution of motion pictures and videos | 5.3 | 5.4 | 6.9 | 6.0 | 5.0 |
| Manufacture and sale of musical instruments | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
| Sound recordings | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.7 |
| Radio and television | 9.3 | 9.6 | 7.8 | 7.2 | 8.7 |
| Printing and related activities | 9.6 | 8.6 | 8.4 | 8.2 | 7.9 |
| Advertising | 11.0 | 11.1 | 11.5 | 11.6 | 11.6 |
| Architectural and industrial design | 5.7 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 6.2 | 6.3 |
| Photography | 1.8 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.3 |
| Amusement parks, games and other entertainment and recreation | 7.6 | 8.3 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.9 |
| Manufacture and sale of entertainment electronics | 1.8 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 2.0 |
| Organisation of cultural events and related activity | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.5 | 4.3 | 3.8 |
| Education and cultural administration | 3.8 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 4.3 |
| Cultural industries, TOTAL | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Source: Statistics Finland, Culture Satellite Accounts 2014, stat.fi.
Looked at from another angle a recent study (2014) on "Direct copyright revenue streams in creative industries in Finland" tells a different story. It uses the Wipo definition of culture and thus includes software and databases. According to the study the direct copyright revenue streams rose by 45 % from 2008 to 2012. The biggest growth has taken place in computer games (78%) and in software and databases (56%). But there was overall growth in all industries apart from advertising. The Table below illustrates the situation. Of the total copyright revenue streams software's share was 62.4% and that of computer games 11.8%.
Table 3: Direct copyright revenue streams in million EUR, 2008 and 2012
| 2012 | 2008 | |
|---|---|---|
| Press and literature | 148.9 | 116.0 |
| Music, theatre productions and opera | 94.2 | 89.9 |
| Motion picture and video | 138.6 | 114.7 |
| Radio and television | 273.8 | 224.4 |
| Photography | 65.2 | 61.5 |
| Software and databases | 1 830.0 | 1 170.0 |
| Computer games | 347.0 | 194.4 |
| Visual and graphic arts | 7.3 | 6.5 |
| Advertising | 26.2 | 45.0 |
| Grand total | 2 931.2 | 2 022.4 |
Source: Tarja Koskinen-Olsson and Jari Muikku, Direct Copyright Revenue Streams in Finland. An evaluation. Finnish Copyright Society-Finnish Copyright Institute, Publications No 31. 2014. Helsinki.
Internationalisation of Finnish culture industries has accelerated in the 2000s. This has happened both in terms of Finnish acquisitions of foreign media companies and the acquisition of Finnish media companies by foreign companies (publishing houses in particular). This development has involved competition between the major media companies of the Nordic countries, where one of their objectives has been expansion in the Baltic Sea Region. In 2001, the Finnish "media giant", SanomaWSOY, bought VNU, a Dutch journal publisher, and this and acquisitions in the Baltic countries boosted its turnover close to EUR three billion. In another major deal the other two Nordic media giants, Norwegian Schibsted and Swedish Bonnier competed in 2005 for ownership of the second largest Finnish media conglomerate, Alma Media and especially for its television activities. Bonnier won and gained (together with Proventus Industrier AB) the control of Alma Media's commercial television channel. More recently (in 2011) Bonnier bought WSOY Finland's leading publisher of general literature from Sanoma Oy. In the same transaction Sanoma Oy, which is giving up its general literature publishing, bought two Bonnier's publishing firms of educational books. These deals reflect how the "media giants" of the Nordic countries are focusing on key strategic areas in their respective businesses. Despite these deals, the Finnish culture industries have maintained a high level of domestic content (see chapter 2.5.3).
In recent years, the main issue in the financing of culture industries has been the promotion of exports, or, in more general terms, invigorating entrepreneurship in creative industries (see chapter 1.2.6 and chapter 7.2). From a longer time perspective, the two main topics of national debate in respect to the promotion of culture industries (or should one say creative industries) have been the financing of the audiovisual sector, more specifically the activities of the public broadcasting company YLE, and domestic film production. State subsidy for film production has increased substantially.
Up to the end of 2012, the Finnish Broadcasting Company (FBC / YLE) was financed mainly by licence fees paid by households. The company's financial problems accumulated as another important source, the public service compensation fee paid by the commercial TV-companies, was first halved and then abolished in 2007. The debates about financing and about the limits of FBC's "public service function" started again in 2010 and resulted in a parliament decision, in 2012, to renew the financing and governance structure of the FBC. From the beginning of 2013 the FBC has been financed by a so-called FBC tax, collected from individual Finnish citizens and businesses. The state, municipalities and the church are exempt from the tax. FBC tax is collected from citizens according to income, with the smallest amount of tax being 50 EUR and the largest 140 EUR. Businesses are taxed according to profits made.
The debates on film production have also focussed mainly on money: the need for increased public support for national film production. In recent years the film industry has been in an improved negotiation position because Finnish films have found increasing popularity among domestic audiences (in 2010 the share of audiences for domestic films was 27%) and gained (especially through the success of Aki Kaurismäki's "art films" and Finnish documentaries and short films) increasing international visibility. The goal has been set to reach the same level of public funding as the other Nordic countries have already reached. In the state budgets of 2008, 2009 and 2010 the outlay for film production was substantially increased and, as film production also received its share of special employment funds, the objective of increasing financing to EUR 28 million (EUR 27.4 million) was reached in the 2011 budget. The problem for the sector is the fact that the other Nordic countries have meanwhile also strongly increased their investments in film production.
The problem has also been how to co-ordinate the financing support that is unevenly coming from different sources. The main financier of Finnish feature film production has been the state via the Finnish Film Foundation, but other financiers have been broadcasting companies, (increasingly only the public one, i.e. the Finnish Broadcasting Company YLE) and AVEK (The Promotion Centre for Audiovisual Culture). AVEK is maintained by Kopiosto, the copyright organisation. Financing can be based on bi-lateral or trilateral agreements between these three parties. There are no longer formal contractual partnership agreements between them. The Nordic Film and Television Fund, Eurimages and the EU Media Plus programme also provide highly important funding and encourage public-private partnerships.
In January 2012, the Finnish Centre for Media Education and Audiovisual Media (MEKU) started operating as a Ministry of Education and Culture subordinate authority to maintain and develop an online classification system for audiovisual programmes and to promote media education. MEKU was established to take over the activities of the Finnish Board of Film Classification, which closed in 2011, by new legislation (Act on Audiovisual Programmes, 710/2011 and the Act on the Finnish Centre for Media Education and Audiovisual Programmes, 711/2011; see also chapter 4.2) that came into effect on 1 January 2012. These Acts cover and repeal the former acts on age classification of programmes for the protection of children against exhibition of pornography and violence. MEKU merged with the National Audiovisual Archive (KAVA) in January 2014. The new body is called the National Audiovisual Institute.
Helsinki, together with surrounding cities of Espoo, Vantaa, Kauniainen and Lahti, hosted the World Design Capital in 2012. The year was implemented and managed by the International Design Foundation. The themes of the year, with ideas submitted by designers and the general public, were architecture, urban planning, interior design, sustainable design, industrial design and communication design. According to the WDC final report there were 550 projects and 2 800 events across the Helsinki capital region. The programme was implemented by a network of 14 500 people and 290 organisations in Finland and abroad. The report estimates that the design year's events and sites attracted nearly 2.5 million visitors.
The total funds managed by the International Design Foundation during 2010-2013 were EUR 17.8 million. The WDC was financed by the five cities (together allocating EUR 6 million), the Ministry of Employment and the Economy and the Ministry of Education and Culture (EUR 5 million), corporate partners and other sources (for the final report and impact assessment, see http://wdo.org/programmes/wdc/past-cities/wdchelsinki2012/).
The WDC project also gathered information and experiences for a new national design programme, prepared in 2012 by the Ministry of Employment and the Economy in co-operation with the Ministry of Education and Culture. The programme, named "Design Finland" proposes 29 measures aimed at strengthening design skills and their utilisation. The key theme in the programme is that enterprises and the public sector need better design competence. The programme's strategic objectives address design competence, research and education; multi-sectoral design skills; more effective use of design by important growth industries and design as a tool for the public sector to develop society and increase well-being.
Please find the available information on this subject in 3.5.1.
Please find the available information on this subject in 3.5.1.
Please find the available information on this subject in 3.5.1.
Please find the available information on this subject in 3.5.1.
Please find the available information on this subject in 3.5.1.