3. Cultural and creative sectors
Liechtenstein
Last update: May, 2023
In Liechtenstein, cultural heritage has an important cultural policy significance at both the national and the municipal levels. This includes state and municipal museums as well as the preservation of historical monuments that bear witness to the cultural tradition of the country. It also includes estates of artists and collectors as well as other documents and data secured in various archives for research and information purposes: in the House Archives of the Prince of Liechtenstein, in church archives, municipal archives, the Josef Rheinberger Archives and in the National Archives (see 3.2).
Building culture
Liechtenstein signed the Davos Declaration in January 2018 (see 1.1), reaffirming the importance of culture for the constructed environment. By doing so, the country committed itself to promoting a high-quality and sustainable building culture. In October 2019, a delegation from Liechtenstein attended a conference on building culture in Malta. Experts from Malta, San Marino, Liechtenstein and Switzerland discussed how to raise awareness of high-quality building culture in regional planning, business, tourism, culture and school education.
For several years now, the Institute of Architecture and Planning at the University of Liechtenstein has also been committed to actively communicating building culture by, among other things, designing, planning and conducting architecture workshops with various schools (from primary schools to secondary schools) in the Rhine Valley region.
The Monument Preservation Division is concerned with this cultural policy task in its capacity as a state institution. It is based on an understanding of monuments that emphasises not only the architectural and artistic value or the architectural quality and aesthetics of an object or an ensemble, but also its significance in terms of social, economic or technical history. The Cultural Assets Protection Act (see 1.1) replaced the Monument Protection Act of 1977 in 2017 and specifies the task for the Office of Cultural Affairs to maintain a register of cultural assets. More than 300 cultural assets were listed between 1950 and 2020. These include altars, documents, church treasures as well as churches, chapels, factories and farmhouses.
However, the loss record shows that over 380 houses worthy of preservation or protection have been demolished in the last two decades. Architectural monuments have not exactly been preserved generously in Liechtenstein in the course of the country’s economic modernisation after the Second World War. Under the title “Die Kunstdenkmäler des Fürstentums Liechtenstein” (The Art Monuments of the Principality of Liechtenstein), one volume each on the art monuments in the Liechtenstein Upper Country and Lower Country were published in 2007 and 2013. This standard work on history and art represents an essential contribution to the country’s cultural memory and understanding of identity. In 2015, the Office of Cultural Affairs was in charge of about 40 listed buildings and subsidised them to the tune of about CHF 1 million; in 2021, almost CHF 2 million was earmarked for the restoration of cultural buildings.
The beginnings of more extensive archaeological investigations date back to the time of the village fire of Schaan in 1849, when a “Roman station” was discovered. Liechtenstein was part of the province of Raetia et Vindelicia, with its capital in Augsburg. It is also believed that the Romans introduced Christianity to the Alpine Rhine Valley. A baptismal font in the hall church of St. Peter in the northeast corner of the fort from the 5th/6th century is evidence of Christianisation. The list of listed buildings in Vaduz includes the castle, the Rhine Bridge, the National Museum and the monument to Josef Gabriel Rheinberger.
Liechtenstein has been participating in the European Open Monuments Day (European Heritage Days) since 1993. In 2005, for instance, minstrelsy in the inner courtyard of the mediaeval Gutenberg Castle in Blazers was included in the programme. Integral historic preservation has become an indispensable element in the history and cultural landscape of Europe. In 2015, the European Heritage Days in Liechtenstein took visitors to the Walser settlement Hinder Prufatscheng in Triesenberg. About 1,000 years ago, the Alemanni reached Goms in Valais. Toward the end of the 13th century, several groups of Walser left Upper Valais (German-speaking part of the Swiss canton of Valais) and settled in further Alpine regions of Switzerland, Northern Italy, Austria, Bavaria and the Liechtenstein mountain region. The colonising achievement of the Walser consisted in the clearing, settlement and cultivation of high-altitude, high-precipitation mountain regions. The culture and the Highest Alemannic German of the Walser, Walser German, are still practised and spoken here and there today.
The National Museum is the social memory of society, a place of identity, a park with attractions and a cultural laboratory. In 2003, the museum relocated to a unique architectural ensemble consisting of the 500-year-old National Museum edifice, the 400-year-old former Governor’s House and one additional newly constructed modern building. This is where archaeology and folklore, history and art, popular piety and industrial history meet. Thanks to multimedia technology, the modern museum has been transformed into a database (see 1.3.1 and 1.3.3). In 2019, 118,800 women, men and children visited the museum and its four houses.
Last update: May, 2023
The National Archives in Vaduz is the centralised archive for all the Principality of Liechtenstein State Offices. It also holds private archive materials for safekeeping and augments its own documentation and collections. All Liechtenstein Law Gazettes can be downloaded from a database at the Liechtenstein National Public Administration website. A total of approximately 5,000 linear meters of archive materials, which represent a major part of the Liechtenstein cultural heritage were administered by the National Archives in 2020.
The Archives Act (LGBl. 1997 No. 215) of October 1997 defines the corresponding duties and goals: “The National Archives, the archives of the municipalities and the independent public-law institutions and foundations of the State shall preserve cultural heritage.” State archival records are subject to an embargo period of 30 years after creation; archival records relating to natural persons, to a period of 80 years. Since 2016, Liechtenstein has had an agreement with Switzerland to store around 5,000 microfilm copies of historically significant archive materials in the official Swiss microfilm archive. Back-up copies in the form of microfilms can contribute substantially to the restoration of damaged or destroyed cultural assets.
According to the Archives and Municipalities Acts, the municipalities of Liechtenstein are required to maintain their own archives. The municipal archives often also look after the archives of the Alpine cooperatives, estates of private individuals and archives of associations as well as individual collections.
In terms of church archives, the Catholic parish archives should be mentioned above all, whose document collections also date back to the late Middle Ages. The historical documents are for the most part stored in the National Archives or in the respective municipal archives. The archives of the former Liechtenstein Deanery are kept in the National Archives.
Family and company archives are usually not open to the public. But this is not true of the important private archives of the Rheinberger family in Vaduz. The musical estate of the Liechtenstein composer Josef Gabriel Rheinberger (see 1.1) is kept in the Bavarian State Library in Munich. The private estate, however, as well as the documentation of his creative work and his works are kept in the Josef Gabriel Rheinberger Archive (RhAV), which has been in the National Archives since 1998. In 2020/2021, the International Josef Gabriel Rheinberger Society (IRG) proposed to the Ministry of Culture that the approximately 40 objects in Rheinberger’s birthplace in Vaduz (today’s Music School) be made accessible.
The House Archives of the reigning Princes of Liechtenstein are of great cultural value. It contains records of the princely family and property history, but also important information on the State of Liechtenstein. In 2007, Prince Hans-Adam II arranged for the archived material to be transferred from Vaduz Castle to Vienna by the end of 1954. The more recent archive material is still at the Castle. While the National Archives document the administrative activities of the Principality, the House Archives contain the records of the Princely Family. The archive is one of the best-preserved archives of nobility in the German-speaking world. It contains valuable sources on the political, economic and cultural activities of important family members. There are also documents on the history of the princely possessions in Austria and the Czech Republic.
Given the poor records in Liechtenstein until the early 19th century, foreign archives are of particular importance for historical research, especially the national or state archives in Innsbruck, Bregenz, Vienna, Bern, St. Gallen and Glarus, as well as the archives of nobility in Hohenems (in Bregenz) and Sulz (in Český Krumlov, CZ) and the archives of the former Princely Abbey of Kempten (in Augsburg).
Libraries in Liechtenstein have no long-standing tradition. The Princely House had an extensive library in Vienna, the oldest holdings of which dated back to Hartmann II of Liechtenstein (1544–1585). Much was lost during the Second World War. In 1995, the Princely Library had only about 80,000 volumes, most of which were in Vienna and some at Vaduz Castle.
Parishes, municipalities and private individuals endeavoured to set up school, youth and lending libraries starting in the later 19th century. The Liechtenstein Library Network with a common library card was established in 2000. It includes the library of the Data Protection Office, the Historical Society, the Liechtenstein Art Museum, the Liechtenstein Institute, the Mühleholz and Lower Country school centres, the library of the University of Liechtenstein, the Mauren Municipal Library, the Balzers School and Municipal Library, the Ruggell School Library, the Schellenberg School Library, the Walser Library Triesenberg and, as the largest and most important public library in Liechtenstein, the Liechtenstein National Library, founded in 1961 as the National Library (see 1.3.1 and 1.3.3), which also manages the National Teachers’ Library. In 2019, the National Library recorded 233,984 check-outs and 49,600 visitors. The number of printed books checked out rose to 125,777, while at the same time the number of e-books checked out also increased sharply. The websites were visited 68,635 times, and the media increased by 5,614.
Last update: May, 2023
Liechtenstein supports productions, projects and partnerships in the areas of theatre, dance and music theatre. The most important political actor is the Liechtenstein Cultural Foundation (see 1.2.2, 1.2.5, 1.3.3 and 4.1.2). No investments are made in outreach; the audience comes largely from across the country and the region.
Theatres
For more than five decades, the TAK Theater Liechtenstein (see 1.3.1) has been the cultural forum in the country and serves the functions of a state theatre. In view of the importance of theatre operations for the country and the region, the state has been supporting the cooperative “Theater am Kirchplatz eG” for years under a performance agreement. Financial support has been at CHF 2.1 million since 2013 and will continue to be in that amount for the 2022–2025 theatre season. The artistic work of the TAK focuses on drama, concerts, TAK Music, cabaret and comedy as well as theatre for children and young people.
Since 2019/2020, the theatre has had its own acting ensemble, which premieres several productions at the TAK throughout part of the season. The ensemble brings together artists from Liechtenstein, Switzerland, Austria and Germany. At the same time, the TAK collaborates with other cultural institutions, including the Schlösslekeller (founded in 2003), the Young THEATER Liechtenstein (founded in 2001), the amateur theatre Theater Karussell, and the Burg Gutenberg Festival.
The year 2019 marked a year of theatre and dance productions, according to the Liechtenstein Cultural Foundation. Fifteen per cent of the Foundation’s budget went to the performing arts in 2019. This includes ASSITEJ Liechtenstein, which is a group of theatre and art professionals, theatre institutions and independent theatres committed to children and young people (see 1.4.3 and 2.7). In recent years, the Cultural Foundation has sponsored a number of theatre and dance productions.
The Schlösslekeller is an integral part of Liechtenstein’s cultural scene. It originated from the LiGa, the “Liechtensteiner Gabarett”: cabaret and stand-up comedy taking a critical look at Liechtenstein politics. This small-scale theatre also brings international and regional artists to Liechtenstein and is also supported by the Cultural Foundation. The Young THEATER Liechtenstein stages professionally directed theatre productions with children every year. The educational theatre concept practises equal opportunities: people of all ages who enjoy theatre can participate here. It is the country’s centre for educational theatre, coordinating the educational theatre programmes in Liechtenstein’s schools and organising up to 60 theatre school projects a year. Liechtenstein supports the Young THEATER Liechtenstein under a performance agreement.
Dance
In order to raise the profile of contemporary dance, eight cantons and the Principality of Liechtenstein launched the “Dance Plan East” funding programme in 2009. It is a unique project that promotes the regional dance scene within the framework of the Conference of Cantonal Cultural Officers of Eastern Switzerland. Dance Plan East has developed into a dance festival that offers regional companies and dancers a stage and brings dance closer to the audience. The coordinated funding is intended to give the independent dance scene in Eastern Switzerland and the Principality of Liechtenstein a greater presence. Every two years, Dance Plan East presents a cross-section of contemporary dance on various stages in Eastern Switzerland and Liechtenstein.
Music theatre
At the beginning of 2022, the Liechtenstein National Museum paid tribute to Liechtenstein’s two traditional operetta theatres with a special exhibition. The first operetta was staged in Liechtenstein in Vaduz in 1940, followed by Balzers in 1946. The fame and reputation of Vaduz Operetta and Balzers Operetta have steadily increased. To this day, they are an important cultural factor in Liechtenstein and the neighbouring Swiss cantons of Graubünden and St. Gallen, as well as in the Austrian province of Vorarlberg. A performance agreement is in place with the state to support the operetta associations. In addition, the operetta theatres receive funding from the municipalities, foundations, the media, corporate sponsors, private institutions, friends and patrons.
Since 1998, the Liechtenstein Musical Company (LMC) has produced a large, internationally acclaimed musical every two years. In addition to artists from abroad, the LMC also hires talent from Liechtenstein and the region. The performances are accompanied by the LMC live rock band. The LMC is also supported by the state, sponsors and the media.
Last update: May, 2023
The visual arts in Liechtenstein are characterised by a great variety of artistic forms of expression, such as painting, sculpture, photography, installation, performance and film. The Cultural Foundation’s financial support is highest in this cultural sector, at 11 per cent for “visual arts” as well as 10 per cent for the “English Building Art Space” (see 1.3.1). In 2019, the state allocated CHF 494,528 for this purpose.
There are a number of opportunities for the presentation, teaching and marketing of the visual arts in Liechtenstein at the Liechtenstein Art Museum, the English Building Art Space, museums and cultural centres in the villages of Liechtenstein (state and municipalities), public and private exhibition houses with their own collections (society) and a number of private galleries (market).
Since 2001, galleries from Liechtenstein have also exhibited at the Art Bodensee art fair. The exclusive selection of modern and new art includes impressive works by renowned artists as well as paintings, collages and drawings by promising newcomers.
Looking beyond the national borders within the Lake Constance region is always important for Liechtenstein. For example, the exhibition “Heimspiel” takes place every three years. The competition, which is open to the public, welcomes artists from the Swiss cantons of Appenzell Ausserrhoden and Appenzell Innerrhoden, Glarus, St. Gallen and Thurgau, as well as the Principality of Liechtenstein and the Austrian province of Vorarlberg. The exhibition rotates among different art institutions.
The Liechtenstein School of Fine Arts (see 1.2.5, 1.3.1, 1.3.3 and 2.8) aims to promote the creative abilities of all and to establish itself as a hub for art and artists. For students of the preliminary design course, it offers study trips to European cultural centres.
Arts and crafts highlight craft and technical interest, and they serve a practical purpose, as one example from Liechtenstein shows. Thus, in the Schaedler ceramics workshop in Nendeln, the old tradition of shaping, moulding and firing objects from fired clay has been preserved. The pottery studio now produces small series and unique ceramic pieces. In 2013, on the occasion of the exhibition “Ilya Chashnik”, the Liechtenstein Art Museum collaborated with the Schädler ceramics workshop and the collection of the “Sepherot Foundation” to release five previously unrealised ceramic designs for plates by Ilya Chashnik in a limited and exclusive ceramic edition of 50 copies each.
Last update: May, 2023
The value added by creative enterprises cannot be compared with other clusters. Creative industries are much more fragmented into small and micro enterprises and are not very well networked among themselves. As a result, they are neither politically nor medially perceived in a way that is commensurate with their importance.
In 2019, the Zurich University of the Arts (ZHdK) published a report on the creative industries in the Lake Constance region, which includes Liechtenstein. According to the “Creative Industries” concept, around 166,000 people were employed in the creative industries in 2015, which corresponded to 5.2 per cent of all employees in the commercial economy. Two-thirds of them worked in the software industry and in advertising. Based on the “Creative Economy” concept, which includes the “Creative Industries” and all creative jobs in other sectors, almost half a million employees in the Lake Constance region worked in the creative economy in 2015.
For a long time, the creative and cultural industries were only ever mentioned in an urban context. It is true that museums and galleries are concentrated in the urban region of Zurich, while hotels are located in the rural tourist region of Vorarlberg. Universities are spread throughout the entire Lake Constance region. According to the study, culture, business and mobility are interwoven in everyday life. There is evidence that stakeholders return to their region after training in other cities or abroad. In addition, the Lake Constance region still has the potential to create creative cultural tourism opportunities.
The University of Liechtenstein, which is part of the International Lake Constance University (IBH) network, had already presented the first and so far only creative industries report for the Principality of Liechtenstein and the Alpine Rhine Valley in September 2014.
The creative industries are among the most growth-intensive sectors in the EU, and they also experienced growth in Liechtenstein, especially between 2005 and 2008. Despite its small land area of 160 square kilometres, Liechtenstein had the highest density of employees and workplaces in the creative industries in 2011 compared to neighbouring regions: with 14 creative workers and almost five workplaces per square kilometre. The share of employees in the creative industries of around seven per cent as part of the overall economy in 2008 was comparable to cities like Vienna and Zurich.
In Liechtenstein, the creative industries are also visible as part of the overall economy: In 2011, 6.36 per cent of employees and 19.64 per cent of workplaces were classified as creative industries, almost twice as many as in Vorarlberg with 11.8 per cent and two and a half times as many as in the Swiss canton of St. Gallen, for example.
Cultural and creative industries are made up of 13 sub-markets: music, books, art, film, broadcasting, performing arts, design, architecture, advertising, software and games, arts and crafts, journalism and audiovisual. With 615 employees, the design industry was the largest sub-market in Liechtenstein in 2011. The film industry and arts and crafts were the smallest sub-markets in the country.
Last update: May, 2023
While book and newspaper publishers in the Lake Constance region belong to the medium-sized sub-markets with a share of 14 per cent of the creative industries in 2015, the book market in Liechtenstein is a micro-sub-market. In 2011, the Statistics Office in Liechtenstein counted 20 book publishers with a total of 39 employees, that is, 1.7 per cent of all employees. Liechtenstein supports publishing houses, the creation of contemporary literary works, their translation and distribution at home and abroad. In 2019, 11 per cent of the budget of the Liechtenstein Cultural Foundation went towards promoting the medium of books: for publications, translations or the Liechtenstein Literature Days as well as the project “Book and Literature East+”, a cooperation between the cantons of Eastern Switzerland and the Liechtenstein Cultural Foundation. The country has been represented at the Frankfurt Book Fair for many years and at the Leipzig Book Fair since 2014.
The broadcasting market is a small sub-market of the creative industries in the Lake Constance region, with around 100 businesses and about 5,200 employees. In Liechtenstein, the press and broadcasting industry comprised 51 companies with 198 employees in 2011, or 8.8 per cent of the workforce in Liechtenstein (see 2.5.3). Compared to the surrounding countries and regions, Liechtenstein has a high media density. In addition, there is a large number of other digital news portals, bloggers and news offerings such as Twitter and other social media, which intensify the competition for the Liechtenstein media. Faced with declining print circulations, newspapers are increasingly focusing on online subscribers and additional online platforms, such as an online marketplace for local trade or online job portals.
Last update: May, 2023
There were about 6,700 people working in the film/music industry in the Lake Constance region in 2015 in around 1,800 businesses. With four per cent of employees, this area of the creative industries was one of the smallest sub-markets. In Liechtenstein, the audiovisual market employed 2.9 per cent of all workers in the country. The film industry in Liechtenstein was the second smallest sub-market in 2011, employing 0.3 per cent of the workforce. But now this creative sector is also on the move.
By participating in the EU programme “Creative Europe” (2021–2027), Liechtenstein aims to increase the growth, professionalisation and competitiveness of the cultural and creative sector (see 1.4.2). Those working in the arts and culture in Liechtenstein are dependent on having an impact beyond the country’s borders. This is particularly true of the audiovisual sector. The “Media” sub-programme promotes the production of European television features and supports film producers and video game developers in developing their works with European and international marketing potential. It also provides support for the cross-border marketing, branding and distribution of European audiovisual and video-on-demand services (online distribution).
Since 1984, film makers, some of them trained at film schools, have been critically examining Liechtenstein’s reality in documentary films and shedding light on topics of contemporary history. As there was no professional infrastructure for film production in Liechtenstein, intensive in terms of materials, personnel and costs, and no state film funding to speak of, they were largely limited to low-cost video productions. Nowadays, however, there are several media companies in Liechtenstein that produce documentaries, image films and advertising films.
Since 2019, Liechtenstein has had a modern cinema location for all age groups with the “Skino” art house cinema in Schaan. The Liechtenstein Cultural Foundation supported the project and has also concluded performance agreements with the Skino Film Club and the Liechtenstein Film and Video Club. A total of five per cent of the Cultural Foundation’s 2019 budget went towards audiovisual media. To date, there is no video game industry in Liechtenstein.
Last update: May, 2023
According to the 2014 report on the creative industries, the share of employees in the music industry in Liechtenstein was 7.8 per cent in 2011. Music holds a particularly important place in society. With 33 per cent of the budget, it is music that the Liechtenstein Cultural Foundation traditionally promotes the most extensively, with music associations and clubs receiving generous support. The same applies to festivals from pop to jazz, music theatre, the Liechtenstein Symphony Orchestra or the International Josef Gabriel Rheinberger Society as well as new musical works. In its annual CD productions, the vibrant, and promoted, Liechtenstein band scene shows a remarkable diversity in the genres of pop, jazz and classical music.
By participating in the Swiss “Youth and Music” programme and the “prima la musica” youth music competition in Austria, Liechtenstein promotes musical talent and supports out-of-school music education (see 1.4.1).
An important private initiative was added in 2021. The “Pepi Frommelt Foundation” has set itself the goal of promoting and distributing the musical creations of past, present and future generations in and from Liechtenstein. Josef Frommelt (1935–2019) was a musician, musicologist, conductor, music educator and pioneer of the Music School, composer, founder of the International Master Classes (see 1.3.3) and also rapporteur for the Council of Europe’s Cultural Commission on Music Education. The Pepi Frommelt Foundation aims to support professional, semi-professional and ambitious amateur musicians with a connection to Liechtenstein in their musical development and in the distribution of their work: for example, by commissioning compositions and arrangements and by professionally recording and publishing these works. It also wants to contribute to the establishment of a “Liechtenstein Music Export Office” and a representation of the interests of Liechtenstein’s musicians.
The FONDATION SUISA is the non-profit foundation for the promotion of music of the SUISA Cooperative Society of Music Authors and Publishers. It promotes Swiss musical creation as well as projects related to musical creation in Liechtenstein. SUISA is the cooperative society of music authors and publishers in Switzerland. Founded as a cooperative in 1923, it now has a membership of around 37,000 composers, lyricists and music publishers. SUISA collects the royalties its members are entitled to for the public use of their works in Switzerland and Liechtenstein. In 2020, the FONDATION SUISA supported Swiss music creation to the tune of CHF 2.4 million.
Last update: May, 2023
In the Lake Constance region, the design industry was one of the medium-sized sub-markets in 2015, with around 22,800 employees working in around 11,300 companies. The two most important sub-markets in Liechtenstein in 2011 were the design industry with 27.4 per cent and architecture with 15.3 per cent of the workforce. B
The design economy in Liechtenstein is diverse, including industrial, product, fashion, graphic and communication design, interior design and spatial design, advertising design, jewellery making, photography, web design and others.
Anyone looking around Liechtenstein will find modern, innovative buildings adjacent to traditional houses. Liechtenstein has its own modern architectural style. Lots of wood – Liechtenstein is in a densely forested region. Lots of glass – opening up a panoramic view of snow-covered mountains and river valleys. And also lots of flat stone façades, such as the cube of the Liechtenstein Art Museum. There are almost 80 architectural firms registered in Liechtenstein.
The Institute of Architecture and Planning at the University of Liechtenstein has been training and educating architects for many years (see 1.3.3). Its research focuses, among other things, on “sustainable construction”. Students have the opportunity to apply a variety of design and research methods in different design studios and prepare for professional tasks in the large field of architecture and urban design.
Last update: May, 2023
Cultural tourism is the term introduced in the 1980s for trips during which tourists consciously engage with art and culture in the broadest sense, such as the cultures of other peoples, cultural monuments or cultural and artistic events.
According to the 2000 cultural report for Liechtenstein, it is important to link culture and tourism in order to raise the profile of the “Liechtenstein brand” abroad. The report refers, among other things, to the Princely Collections, the Art Museum, the National Museum, architectural monuments and archaeological artefacts. However, Liechtenstein provides only few opportunities that encourage people to tell their stories. Although cultural tourism has become more relevant as a field of action, the integration of cultural areas has not yet been included in the statistics. Since 2019, the Board of Directors of Liechtenstein Marketing has been working on a “Strategic White Paper 2025”. These ideas are to be included in the marketing and communication strategy 2022–2026.
One example of how it can succeed in showcasing what is special about and in Liechtenstein is “The Liechtenstein Trail”, which has been in place since the 300th anniversary of the Principality in May 2019 (see 1.2.6). On 75 kilometres throughout the country, locals and visitors can interactively experience the country’s history, stories and sights – in other words, culture and nature. The LIstory (Liechtenstein History) app uses augmented reality to showcase various historical hotspots along the way through all eleven municipalities.
At the end of 2019, a group of experts from EU member states published the “Report on Sustainable Cultural Tourism” and formulated a new kind of relationship between culture and tourism. According to them, sustainable cultural tourism combines “sustainable culture” and “sustainable tourism”. The objective is to strengthen the cooperation between the two for the social, environmental and economic benefit of everyone involved. The report contains 55 recommendations that adhere to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Among other things, the expert group recommends a European task force against excessive tourism in heritage destinations and calls for municipal ownership as well as support.