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In the framework of "generalised contractualisation of cultural policy", most of the public subsidies and grants are bound by specific agreements between territorial authorities, between the authorities and cultural institutions, in particular the institutions that hold a special title (see chapter 1.1 and chapter 1.2.6). Nonetheless, many subsidies like grants to artists (to projects, to creation, etc.) do not require specifications or agreements (agreement is compulsory for any subsidy greater than 23 000 EUR). The legal conditions of the allocation of public funds pertain to different legislative and regularity fields. Concerning public expenditure, French law makes a major distinction between the... read more →

All of the legislation of the French Republic is available online at: http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/ The site has many translations to different languages: http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/Traductions The preamble to the Constitution of the V Republic (of 4 October 1958) quotes the preamble of the Declaration of Human and Civic Rights (Déclaration des droits de l'homme et of citoyen, August 1789), and the preamble of the Constitution of 27 October 1946. The 1946 preamble states that "The Nation shall provide the individual and the family with the conditions necessary to their development" (§ 10); "It shall guarantee to all, notably to children, mothers and elderly... read more →

Tourism and culture The development of international tourism is increasing. The total number of incoming international tourists in the world exceeded a billion in 2012, according to the Barometer of the World Tourism Organisation. It is a major issue for France because it is one of the first world tourist destinations, with 84.5 million incoming foreign tourists in 2015. Tourism represents 7% of the GDP, and 2 millions of direct and indirect employment. The cultural dimension of this tourism is essential: museums, monuments and sites, festivals and cultural events attract every year millions of French and foreign visitors. In this... read more →

The development of digital technologies transformed information and communication devices, which impacts on many domains of cultural life: cultural consumption, participation and practices, creative processes, and protection of heritage. One of the recent steps in this evolution was the development of interactive sites (Web2.0) or smartphones. The digital world has created new professions such as web designers, internet writers, curators of on-line or virtual museums and galleries – and new markets. With the open data movement, public information must be freely accessible and available for use. The cultural industries are confronted with digital technologies, which have modified the economy, distribution,... read more →

In 2005, male over-representation was a little more marked within the cultural occupations than in the whole of the occupied working population (58% against 54%). However, the situation reveals greater disparities. Certain professions have a strong male domination: literary authors (73%), architects (76%) and photographers (74%). Others are mainly female dominated, such as technical management of documentation and conservation (87%), and arts professors (58%). A similar situation is observed about salaried employees in the cultural sector: in 2009, women represent only 40% of salaried employees in the performing arts sector, but they are particularly present in the press where they... read more →

The Ministère de la Ville was created in 1990 to deal with urban affairs and problems. It implements the "Politique de la ville" - which defines inter-ministerial projects to be carried out in the districts, the cities or the municipalities, or even in an entire département such as the Seine Saint-Denis (93). At the core of this policy is cultural development, which has been supported by the Ministry of Culture and Communication and its Regional Directorates. Since 2002 however, their interest has been decreasing with new emphasis placed on social assistance and social housing construction. Yet, the role of culture... read more →

In France there is public service of broadcasting as well as many private broadcasting companies. The French television sector considerably expanded since the abolition of the State monopoly on TV channels in the 1980s, and the multiplication of thematic or local channels on the cable and satellite networks. There are more than 200 broadline and thematic channels today, compared to three public channels in 1980. The transition to digital terrestrial television, which was achieved at the end of 2011, did not notably increase the diversity of free-access media. Many new channels are subsidiaries of the main existing channels and broadcast... read more →

French is the only official, national, administrative and daily language of the French Republic, as stated in the article 2 of the Constitution. In 1994, the law n 94-665 relative to the use of the French language, the "Toubon Law", was promulgated to protect the French linguistic heritage, with three main objectives: enrichment of the language;obligation to use the French language; andadvocacy of French as the language of the Republic. French, the official language of the French Republic, acts as a cohesive element throughout France but is also an international communication language. In 2014, a report to the President of... read more →

One of the major debates of French cultural policy concerns the question of cultural minorities, national or foreign, present on its territory. The notion of foreigner is based on the criterion of nationality: any person is foreign who does not have French nationality. Certain persons can acquire French nationality during their life. They become then "French by acquisition" (Français par acquisition) as opposed to "French by birth" (Français de naissance). The definition of an immigrant was established by the Haut Conseil de l'intégration in 1992. An immigrant is a foreign born person, born in another country, but who lives in... read more →

In 1982 Jack Lang, in his speech in Mexico City during a world conference of Ministers of Culture, said the famous phrase "economy and culture, same fight" (« Économie et culture, même combat »). This phrase underlines the importance of cultural activities as factors of economic development and diversity - which prefigured the notion of a creative economy that is popular since the end of 1990s, and emphasises at the same time that creation and the arts cannot be submitted to only economic and financial terms. In this context, the State intends to support and regulate cultural industries for the sake of... read more →